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“Composition and sources of aerosols from the Amazon basin”. Artaxo P, Storms H, Bruynseels F, Van Grieken R, Maenhaut W, Journal of geophysical research 93, 1605 (1988). http://doi.org/10.1029/JD093ID02P01605
Abstract: Aerosols were sampled in the Amazon Basin, as part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), during the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2A) in JulyAugust 1985. Fine- and coarse-particle fractions were analyzed for 22 elements by particle-induced X ray emission. Gravimetric mass, black carbon, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations were also determined. Morphological and trace element measurements of individual particles were carried out by automated electron probe X ray microanalysis. Various receptor models, including multivariate methods and a chemical mass balance model, were employed in the interpretation of the bulk trace element concentrations. Three factors explained over 85% of the variability of fine- and coarse-mode variables. On the basis of the elemental composition of the factors, two could be identified as plant related, and the third was a soil dust component. Of the coarse-mode aerosol mass concentration (of 7.6±1.6 μg/m3), 62% could be attributed to aerosols released by the vegetation and 11% to soil dust. In the fine mode, soil dust accounted for less than 10% of the measured mass concentration (of 6.8±3.9 μg/m3). The variables related to the plant component were K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cl, Rb, and the gravimetric mass. The elemental profile of the plant component resembled the bulk plant composition. By single-particle analysis coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis, six to nine different biogenic-related particle groups could be identified in the fine- and coarse-aerosol modes. Almost all particle types consisted predominantly of carbonaceous material, with trace amounts of K, S, Ca, P, Cl, and Na. Only one group, comprising less than 11% of the total number of particles, consisted of soil dustrelated aerosol.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1029/JD093ID02P01605
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“Composition and sources of atmospheric particulate matter at Kayseri, Central Turkey”. Kartal S, Dogan M, Rojas CM, Van Grieken R, The science of the total environment 133, 83 (1993). http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90114-L
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(93)90114-L
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“Composition dependence of Bremsstrahlung background in electron-probe x-ray microanalysis”. Markowicz AA, Van Grieken RE, Analytical chemistry 56, 2049 (1984). http://doi.org/10.1021/AC00276A016
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/AC00276A016
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“Composition of aerosols from the shelter of the Chernobyl power plant”. Darchuk L, Worobiec A, Khan V, Krasnov V, Van Grieken R, AIP conference proceedings 1267, 512 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3482646
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1063/1.3482646
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“Composition of aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the seas of the western Russian Arctic”. Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Kuptzov VM, Van Malderen H, Martin JM, Van Grieken R, Huang WW, Omnia therapeutica. supplemento 39, 142 (1999)
Abstract: During the SPASIBA expedition (Scientific Program on Arctic and Siberian Aquatorium) on board RV “Yakov Smirnitzky” to the Laptev Sea 10 samples of aerosols in the marine boundary layer have been collected by nylon meshes in August-September 1991. The composition of the samples was studied by a combined approach of different analytical techniques (single-particle analysis, instrumental neutron activation analysis, and atomic absorption spectrometry). The mass concentration of coarse (>1 mu m) insoluble fraction of aerosols was from 0.08 to 0.46 mu g/m(3). In all samples remains of land vegetation were found as the main component. The organic carbon content of the aerosols ranged from 23 to 49%. The inorganic part of the samples is represented mainly by alumosilicates and quartz, In all samples anthropogenic fly ash particles were detected, Temporal variations of the element concentrations are caused by various air masses transported to the study area.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Composition of aerosols in the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere over the seas of the Western Russian Arctic”. Shevchenko VP, Lisitsin AP, Kuptsov VM, van Malderen H, Martin JM, Van Grieken R, Huang WW, Oceanology 39, 128 (1999)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Composition of aerosols over the Laptev, the Kara, the Barents, the Greenland and the Norwegian seas”. Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Kuptzov VM, Ivanov GI, Lukashin VN, Martin JM, Rusakov VY, Safarova SA, Serova VV, Van Grieken R, van Malderen H page 7 (1995).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Composition of individual aerosol particles above Lake Baikal, Siberia”. van Malderen H, Van Grieken R, Khodzher T, Obolkin V, Potemkin V, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 30, 1453 (1996). http://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00430-0
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00430-0
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“Composition of individual aerosol particles above the Israelian Mediterranean coast during the summer time”. Ganor E, Levin Z, Van Grieken R, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 32, 1631 (1998). http://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00397-X
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00397-X
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“Composition of individual aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer over seas of the Western Russian Arctic”. Shevchenko VP, Van Grieken RE, van Malderen H, Lisitzin AP, Kuptsov VM, Serova VV, Doklady earth sciences 366, 546 (1999)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Composition of pigments on human bones found in excavations in Argentina studied with micro-Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy”. Darchuk L, Stefaniak EA, Vázquez C, Palacios OM, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, e-Preservation Science 6, 112 (2009)
Abstract: Results on analysis of prehistoric pigments from excavations and pigments on coloured child bones from North Patagonia, Argentina, are reported. To analyze their composition we used two micro-analytical techniques: micro- Raman spectrometry (MRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray micro-analysis (SEM/EDX). Most investigated excavated pigments show red or yellow ochres consistent with reddish or yellow minerals, such as á- and ã-goethite, haematite, erdite, haapalaite and jarosite. Raman spectra show also evidence of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcite indicating lichen activity. Pigments covering human bones were identified as hematite and magnetite. This study allows us to infer that pigments found in excavation were employed for burial ceremonies, even though distances between excavated pigment archaeological site and buried remains are quite far, more than 50 km in a straight line.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“Composition of prehistoric rock-painting pigments from Egypt (Gilf Kébir area)”. Darchuk L, Gatto Rotondo G, Swaenen M, Worobiec A, Tsybrii Z, Makarovska Y, Van Grieken R, Spectrochimica acta: part A: molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 83, 34 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAA.2011.06.054
Abstract: The composition of rock-painting pigments from Egypt (Gilf Kebia area) has been analyzed by means of molecular spectroscopy such as Fourier transform infrared and micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Red and yellow pigments were recognized as red and yellow ochre with additional rutile.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAA.2011.06.054
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“Compositional and quantitative microtextural characterization of historic paintings by micro-X-ray diffraction and Raman microscopy”. Romero-Pastor J, Duran A, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Van Grieken R, Cardell C, Analytical chemistry 83, 8420 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1021/AC201159E
Abstract: This work shows the benefits of characterizing historic paintings via compositional and microtextural data from micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) combined with molecular information acquired with Raman microscopy (RM) along depth profiles in paint stratigraphies. The novel approach was applied to identify inorganic and organic components from paintings placed at the 14th century Islamic UniversityMadrasah Yusufiyyain Granada (Spain), the only Islamic University still standing from the time of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). The use of μ-XRD to obtain quantitative microtextural information of crystalline phases provided by two-dimensional diffraction patterns to recognize pigments nature and manufacture, and decay processes in complex paint cross sections, has not been reported yet. A simple Nasrid (14th century) palette made of gypsum, vermilion, and azurite mixed with glue was identified in polychromed stuccos. Here also a Christian intervention was found via the use of smalt, barite, hematite, Brunswick green and gold; oil was the binding media employed. On mural paintings and wood ceilings, more complex palettes dated to the 19th century were found, made of gypsum, anhydrite, barite, dolomite, calcite, lead white, hematite, minium, synthetic ultramarine blue, and black carbon. The identified binders were glue, egg yolk, and oil.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/AC201159E
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“Comprehensive microanalytical study of welding aerosols with x-ray and Raman based methods”. Worobiec A, Stefaniak EA, Kiro S, Oprya M, Bekshaev A, Spolnik Z, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Ennan A, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 36, 328 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.979
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.979
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“Computer aided processing of laser microprobe mass spectra”. Wouters L, Michaud D, Van Grieken R, Microchimica acta 110, 31 (1993). http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01243982
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/BF01243982
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“Concentration trends and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Belgium”. Ravindra K, Bencs L, Wauters E, de Hoog J, Deutsch F, Roekens E, Bleux N, Berghmans P, Van Grieken R, IASTA bulletin 17, 98 (2005)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Les conclusions du programme européen Vidrio sur la protection des vitraux par verrière extérieure”. Pallot-Frossard I, Van Grieken R, Godoi R, Kontozova V, et al, Monumental: revue scientifique et technique , 113 (2007)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Conservation of stained glass windows with protective glazing : main results from the European VIDRIO research programme”. Bernardi A, Becherini F, Verità, M, Godoi RHM, Kontozova-Deutsch V, Van Grieken R, et al, Journal of cultural heritage 14, 527 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2012.11.009
Abstract: The methodology of protecting the European stained glass windows against environmental risk (e.g. meteorological factors, air pollution, microorganisms) by means of an external glazing is not new. In spite of many scientific studies carried out in the last 20 years, some questions were still up for discussion. The European VIDRIO (20022005) project gave an answer to these questions. The research carried out by the different project partners established a new multidisciplinary approach aimed at evaluating the efficiency of the protective glazing systems and their effects on stained glass windows conservation, and finally at assessing the most appropriate strategy to preserve stained glass windows. Scientific results showed that the so-called isothermal glazing (i.e. ventilation by the air coming from the inside of the building) protected efficiently the ancient stained glass window from environmental attack (i.e. rain, pollutants, condensation, thermal shocks) with very limited secondary effects. The scientific research highlighted that its efficiency was strongly related to the technical design of the protective system. In particular, the ventilation and the size of the interspace had to be carefully considered. The research developed within the VIDRIO project was turned into general recommendations to the owners and practitioners on the best practice for the stained glass windows future conservation.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Art; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2012.11.009
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“Coprecipitation with aluminium hydroxide and x-ray fluorescence determination of trace metals in water”. Eltayeb MAH, Van Grieken RE, Analytica chimica acta 268, 177 (1992). http://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(92)85262-5
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85262-5
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“Correlation between aerosols, deposits, and weathering crusts on ancient marbles”. Moropoulou A, Bisbikou K, Van Grieken R, Torfs K, Polikreti K, Environmental technology 22, 607 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1080/09593332208618236
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1080/09593332208618236
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“Correlation of serum aluminium values with tissue aluminium concentration”. de Broe ME, van de Vijver FL, Bekaert AB, d'Haese P, Paulus GJ, Visser WJ, Van Grieken R, de Wolff FA, Verbueken AH, Contributions to nephrology 38, 37 (1984)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Pharmacology. Therapy; Pathophysiology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“Corrosive marine atmosphere investigations in Tanzania: exposure sites and preliminary results”. Mmari AG, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Uiso CBS, Makundi IN, Potgieter JH, Van Grieken R, Newsletter of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project , 13 (2007)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Critical assessment and proposal for reconstruction of a grazing emission X-ray fluorescence instrument”. Kuczumow A, Schmeling M, Van Grieken R, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 15, 535 (2000). http://doi.org/10.1039/A908661G
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1039/A908661G
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“Cultural heritage and the environment”. Van Grieken R, Delalieux F, Gysels K, Pure and applied chemistry 70, 2327 (1998). http://doi.org/10.1351/PAC199870122327
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1351/PAC199870122327
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“Current applications of XRF and micro-XRF techniques in environmental and industrial fields”. Van Grieken R, Injuk J page 29 (1999).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Current trends in the literature on X-ray emission spectrometry”. Van Grieken R, Markowicz A, Veny P, X-ray spectrometry 20, 271 (1991). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1300200605
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1300200605
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“Damage and molecular changes under a laser beam in SEM-EDX/MRS interface : a case study on iron-rich particles”. Worobiec A, Darchuk L, Brooker A, Potgieter H, Van Grieken R, Journal of Raman spectroscopy 42, 808 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1002/JRS.2789
Abstract: The control of damage to individual environmental particles by a laser beam during Raman spectroscopy carried out in ambient air is generally well understood. The nature and control of damage under vacuum conditions (e.g. in the scanning electron microscopy with energy X-ray detection combined with micro-Raman spectroscopyinterfaced SEM-EDX/MRS) are more complex and less well comprehended. The physical and chemical processes that affect the damage caused to small particles by lasers still remain somewhat unclear, but certainly the atmosphere (vacuum/air) and the beam intensity have very significant influences. Furthermore, it has been determined that some particles (e.g. haematite), although stable under an electron beam, are damaged by the laser beam, hampering their analysis. Additionally, when simultaneous analyses by SEM/EDX and MRS are considered, the correct choice of the collection surface plays a crucial role. As a result, the following collection substrates were tested to determine their influence on the laser beam damage process to the particle: silver and aluminium foils and silicon wafers. A test study was performed using artificial examples of haematite (Fe2O3) particles. Exposure of Fe2O3 particles in vacuum to 514- and 785-nm laser radiation often leads to their melting, transformation and evaporation. The dependence of the damage caused by the laser beam on the particle structure is reported here. Molecular and crystallographic changes have also been revealed. Formation of magnetite (as an effect of re-crystallisation) and Raman inactive structures was detected.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1002/JRS.2789
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“Damage functions and mechanism equations derived from limestone weathering in field exposure”. Delalieux F, Cardell-Fernandez C, Torfs K, Vleugels G, Van Grieken RE, Water, air and soil pollution 139, 75 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015827031669
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1023/A:1015827031669
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“Damages caused to European monuments by air pollution: assessment and preventive measures”. Saiz-Jimenez C, Brimblecombe P, Camuffo D, Lefèvre R-A, Van Grieken R page 91 (2004).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Degradation of galvanised iron roofing material in Tanzania by atmospheric corrosion”. Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Mmari A, Van Grieken R, McCrindle RI, Potgieter JH, Corrosion engineering science and technology 46, 642 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1179/147842210X12695149033972
Abstract: Galvanised iron is popular in many applications, particular as a roofing material. However, just like other materials, especially metallic ones, it is prone to degradation by corrosion. In this particular study, the degradation of galvanised roof sheets was investigated at a coastal, urban and rural site in Tanzania, Africa. Samples were exposed to various outdoor environments over a period of 3 years. In addition, some accelerated laboratory investigations were conducted in different simulated air pollution environments in an artificial corrosion chamber constructed for this purpose to supplement the outdoor exposure tests. It was found that the combination of the tropical climate and increasing air pollution due to industrial development in the capital Dar-es-Salaam resulted in substantial atmospheric corrosion of the roof sheets, which eventually leads to failure and the necessity for replacement. The rural site had the lowest degree of atmospheric corrosion as expected. A combination of different corrosion products was identified as a result of the atmospheric corrosion by Raman and EDX analyses. The information gained from this investigation could be utilised to construct more durable structures requiring less frequent replacement and maintenance in future.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1179/147842210X12695149033972
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