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Author |
Buczyńska, A.J.; Krata, A.; Van Grieken, R.; Brown, A.; Polezer, G.; De Wael, K.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S. |
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Title |
Composition of PM2.5 and PM1 on high and low pollution event days and its relation to indoor air quality in a home for the elderly |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
The science of the total environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Total Environ |
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Volume |
490 |
Issue |
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Pages |
134-143 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Many studies probing the link between air quality and health have pointed towards associations between particulate matter (PM) exposure and decreased lung function, aggravation of respiratory diseases like asthma, premature death and increased hospitalisation admissions for the elderly and individuals with cardiopulmonary diseases. Of recent, it is believed that the chemical composition and physical properties of PM may contribute significantly to these adverse health effects. As part of a Belgian Science Policy project (Health effects of particulate matter in relation to physicalchemical characteristics and meteorology), the chemical composition (elemental and ionic compositions) and physical properties (PM mass concentrations) of PM were investigated, indoors and outdoors of old age homes in Antwerp. The case reported here specifically relates to high versus normal/low pollution event periods. PM mass concentrations for PM1 and PM2.5 fractions were determined gravimetrically after collection via impaction. These same samples were hence analysed by EDXRF spectrometry and IC for their elemental and ionic compositions, respectively. During high pollution event days, PM mass concentrations inside the old age home reached 53 μg m− 3 and 32 μg m− 3 whilst outside concentrations were 101 μg m− 3 and 46 μg m− 3 for PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. The sum of nss-sulphate, nitrate and ammonium, dominate the composition of PM, and contribute the most towards an increase in the PM during the episode days constituting 64% of ambient PM2.5 (52 μg m− 3) compared to 39% on non-episode days (10 μg m− 3). Other PM components, such as mineral dust, sea salt or heavy metals were found to be considerably higher during PM episodes but relatively less important. Amongst heavy metals Zn and Pb were found at the highest concentrations in both PM2.5 and PM1. Acidbase ionic balance equations were calculated and point to acidic aerosols during event days and acidic to alkaline aerosols during non-event days. No significant sources of indoor pollutants could be identified inside the old-age home as high correlations were found between outdoor and indoor PM, confirming mainly the outdoor origin of indoor air. |
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Wos |
000347293800015 |
Publication Date |
2014-05-21 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
4.9 |
Times cited |
27 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The work reported in this paper was financed by the Belgian Science Policy under the Science for Sustainable Development programme (SD/HE/01), the Flemish Scientific Fund (FWO:G.0873.11). We thank the direction and staff of the elderly homes for their support. The authors are thankful to the partners of the project Lotte Jacobs, Tim Nawrot and Benoit Nemery for taking care of project organization, Andy Delcoo, Jo Dewulf and Hugo De Backer from Royal Meteorological Institute, Brussels, Belgium for supplying the meteorological data. We acknowledge Dr. Laszlo Bencs for assistance regarding backward trajectory analyses and two reviewers for their constructive comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.ready.noaa.gov) used in this publication. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 4.9; 2014 IF: 4.099 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:117005 |
Serial |
5544 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, J.H. |
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Title |
Integrated analytical techniques for analysing individual environmental particles |
Type |
H2 Book chapter |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
123-141
T2 - Spectroscopic properties of inorganic |
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Keywords |
H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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ISBN |
978-1-84973-395-3 |
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UA library record |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:109314 |
Serial |
8108 |
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Author |
Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Maledi, N.; Wagner, N.; van Heerden, J.H.P.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, J.H. |
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Title |
Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of coal : a review |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Raman spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
123-129 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The advances in the characterization of amorphous carbons by Raman spectroscopy over the last four decades are of interest to many industries, especially those involving the combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of coal. Many researchers report on the Raman character of the natural organic matter in carbon-containing compounds, such as coal, and relate the Raman bands to the structural order of the amorphous carbons. The basis of most of these studies evolved around the assignment of the G (graphitic, ∼1580 cm−1) band to crystalline graphite and any other bands, called D bands, (disorder, various from 1100 to 1500 cm−1) to any type of structural disorder in the graphitic structure. Concerning coal analysis, the information gained by Raman investigations has been used to describe char evolution as a function of temperature, the presence of catalysts and different gasification conditions. In addition, researchers looked at maturation, grade, doppleritization and many more aspects of interest. One aspect that has, however, not been addressed by most of the researchers is the natural inorganic matter (NIM) in the carbon-containing compounds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) has many advantages over other characterization tools, i.e. in situ analysis, nondestructive, no sample preparation, low detection limit, micrometer-scale characterization, versatility and sensitivity to many amorphous compounds. With the distinct advantages it has over that of other molecular characterization tools, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray detection (SEM/EDS), it is surprising that it has not yet been fully exploited up to this point for the characterization of the NIM in coal and other amorphous carbons. This paper reviews the work published on the Raman characterization of the natural organic matter (NOM) of coals and reports on preliminary results of the NIM character of various South African coals, whereby various inorganic compounds and minerals in the coal have been characterized. |
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Wos |
000288543000001 |
Publication Date |
2010-03-11 |
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ISSN |
0377-0486 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:87024 |
Serial |
8452 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Idris, A.M.; Eltayeb, M.A.H.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, J.H. |
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Title |
Assessment of heavy metals pollution in Sudanese harbours along the Red Sea Coast |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
104-112 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Wos |
000251750000003 |
Publication Date |
2007-07-05 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:66067 |
Serial |
7504 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Hellar-Kihampa, H.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; De Wael, K.; Lugwisha, E.; van Espen, P.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Concentration profiles of metal contaminants in fluvial sediments of a rural-urban drainage basin in Tanzania |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
International journal of environmental analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int J Environ An Ch |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
77-98 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
This study investigated concentration profiles of trace, rare earth and platinum group metals in fluvial sediments from the Pangani river basin (43,650 km2), one of the largest river basins in Tanzania, to assess its environmental quality. Sediment samples were collected in two distinct seasons from 12 representative sites of diverse land-use practices and characterised by ICP-MS after optimised microwave digestion. Ecological risks were assessed by evaluation of pollution index and comparison with legislated sediment quality guidelines (SQG). The results revealed contamination by some trace metals (e.g. Pb, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Mn and Zn) in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2940 mg kg−1, and four rare earth elements (Y, Ce, Nd, Yb) in concentrations ranging from 0.9 (Yb) to 500 mg kg−1 dry weight (Ce), which significantly exceeded the estimated background values at some stations. Palladium was the only platinum group element that was detected in quantifiable concentrations (0.33.5 mg kg−1). Concentrations of some trace metals exceeded the SQGs at some localised areas. Principal component analysis and multivariate correlations indicated geochemical characteristics of the area as the major control of metal concentrations and spatial variability. Organic matter and clay contents also played a significant role in metal distributions. Assessment of land-use practices upstream of the sampling locations was used to trace potential anthropogenic sources of metal enrichments, where highest levels were found in areas close to urban centres and agricultural activities. The study provides baseline data for future monitoring programs, and highlights the need for more comprehensive analysis involving a wider spatio-temporal scale and ecotoxicological risk assessment. |
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Wos |
000329774500007 |
Publication Date |
2013-05-24 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0306-7319 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
1.208 |
Times cited |
5 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
; The participants of this research gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC). The contribution of the Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB), especially Ms Arafa Maggidi in provision of valuable information and assistance with the sampling campaigns is greatly appreciated. We sincerely acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Elisa Dunstan Kiwelu of Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in mapping the study area; Mr Peter Machibya of the Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in sediment characterisation; and Dr Valentine Kayawe Mubiana of the Department of Biology, University of Antwerp in ICP-MS analysis. The contributions of six anonymous reviewers, which greatly improved the manuscript for this paper, are highly appreciated. ; |
Approved |
Most recent IF: 1.208; 2014 IF: 1.295 |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:109234 |
Serial |
5547 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Brooker, A.; Darchuk, L.; Stefaniak, E.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles: fundamental and practical challenges |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
65-72 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
The molecular character of atmospheric particulate matter is of prime importance when interpreting air pollution trends and its subsequent influence on environmental monitoring and preventative conservation. The known methods of estimating the molecular composition normally involve elemental analysis of particles (both as bulk and computer controlled analyses of single particles) with subsequent multivariate analyses to clusterise the elements in groups of elements that are closely related to each other. With this approach one can at best suggest associations. Evidently the application of molecular spectroscopy in addition to elemental concentration profiles would provide intimate information regarding the nature of the particles and consequently their fate. This paper gives an overview of research performed in our laboratory and describes the optimisation of experimental parameters to use scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray detection (SEM/EDX) or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) in parallel with micro-Raman Spectrometry (MRS) to investigate single environmental particles. The challenges associated with the two stand-alone techniques are revealed and consequently those posed with an interfaced approach are discussed. Preliminary results, of an initial investigation of the SEM/EDX interfaced with MRS to ultra-fine heterogeneous environmental particles, are given. |
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Wos |
000273238800011 |
Publication Date |
2009-09-10 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:79801 |
Serial |
8114 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Jacobs, L.; Buczyńska, A.; Walgraeve, C.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Van Grieken, R.; et al. |
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Title |
Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Environmental research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
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Pages |
60-67 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
An increased pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) suggests aortic stiffening. The objective of this study was to examine the acute effects of both particulate matter (PM) mass and composition on blood pressure, among elderly persons. We carried out a panel study in persons living in elderly homes in Antwerp, Belgium. We recruited 88 non-smoking persons, 70% women with a mean age of 83 years (standard deviation: 5.2). Blood pressure was measured and a blood sample was collected on two time points, which were chosen so that there was an exposure contrast in ambient PM exposure. The elemental content of the collected indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) mass concentration was measured. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) on outdoor PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) were measured. Each interquartile range increase of 20.8 μg/m³ in 24-h mean outdoor PM2.5 was associated with an increase in pulse pressure of 4.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval: 1.86.2), in persons taking antihypertensive medication (n=57), but not in persons not using antihypertensive medication (n=31) (p for interaction: 0.02). Vanadium, iron and nickel contents of PM2.5 were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, among persons on antihypertensive medication. Similar results were found for indoor concentrations. Of the oxy-PAHs, chrysene-5,6-dione and benzo[a]pyrene-3,6-dione were significantly associated with increases in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. In elderly, pulse pressure was positively associated with acute increases in outdoor and indoor air pollution, among persons taking antihypertensive medication. These results might form a mechanistic pathway linking air pollution as a trigger of cardiovascular events. |
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Wos |
000307912900008 |
Publication Date |
2012-06-18 |
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ISSN |
0013-9351; 1096-0953 |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Open Access |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:102569 |
Serial |
7418 |
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Author |
Van Grieken, R.; Darchuk, L.; Kontozova, V.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; van Meel, K.; Stefaniak, E.; Worobiec, A. |
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Title |
Integration of analysis techniques of different scales using X ray induced and electron induced X ray spectrometry for applications in preventive conservation and environmental monitoring |
Type |
H2 Book chapter |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
53-56
T2 - Integration of nuclear spectrometry met |
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Keywords |
H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
In the past years, and also within the framework of this CRP, we have used a combination of several nuclear and non-nuclear techniques in fundamental research and especially in various applications. Most work has been done with energy-dispersive X ray fluorescence in combination with electron probe X ray microanalysis, but several other more common analysis techniques have been used as well. The applications have included mostly preventive conservation (e.g. characterisation of damaging atmospheric particles in many museums) and environmental monitoring (e.g. for atmospheric particles in relation to their health effects in outdoor and especially indoor environments). Fundamental aspects have been in the optimising of interfaced electron microprobe and Raman microprobe analysis and the evaluation of the potential of such an instrument for atmospheric aerosols; quite a few unexpected and unpredicted problems have appeared in the latter study. |
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978-92-0-121310-5 |
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UA library record |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:97169 |
Serial |
8110 |
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Author |
Mmari, A.G.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Bencs, L.; McCrindle, R.I.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Elemental and ionic components of atmospheric aerosols and associated gaseous pollutants in and near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Atmospheric environment : an international journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
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Pages |
51-61 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Elemental and water-soluble ionic compounds (WSICs) of atmospheric aerosols (total suspended particulate TSP) and some gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2 and O3) from a coastal, semi-urban and rural site in and near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were investigated during dry and wet seasons of January 2005November 2007. Na+, Ca2+, SO42−, NO3− and Cl− made up the dominant fraction of WSICs during the dry season with average concentrations ranging from non-detectable (n.d.)5.4, 0.262.6, 0.7414.7, 0.41.5 and 1.13.4 μg m−3, respectively, while in the wet season, from n.d. up to 1.7, 1.2, 4.4, 2.1 and 3.0 μg m−3, respectively. The total air concentrations of the detected elements (Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Zn) showed seasonal and site-specific variation in the range of 7.526.6 with an average of 14.5 μg m−3. Most of the air concentrations of pollutants were observed to decrease with increasing distance from the coastal site, which is under urban and industrial pollutant emissions. Sulphur and nitrogen oxidation ratios during the dry season ranged from 0.08 to 0.91 and 0.013 to 0.049, respectively, while they were between 0.090.65 and 0.0020.095, respectively, in the wet season. These values indicate the photochemical oxidation of SO2 and a high extent of NO3−formation in the atmosphere. Neutralization ratios revealed the presence of acidic SO42− and NO3− aerosols. Principal component analysis identified sea spray, local combustion, vehicular traffic, biomass burning and re-suspended road dust as dominant sources of aerosols at the studied coastal and semi-urban sites. However, at the rural site, besides sea spray, crustal sources, soil dust re-suspension and long-range transport are the possible origins of suspended particulates. |
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000324848500006 |
Publication Date |
2013-05-01 |
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ISSN |
1352-2310 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Open Access |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:108096 |
Serial |
7882 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Cardell, C.; Urosevic, M.; Sebastián-Pardo, E.; Horemans, B.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Bencs, L.; Anaf, K.W.; De Wael, K.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Risks of atmospheric aerosol for cultural heritage assets in Granada (Spain) |
Type |
H1 Book chapter |
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Year |
2013 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Pages |
45-49 |
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Keywords |
H1 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
978-1-138-00009-4 |
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
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Impact Factor |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
; The authors thank the 'Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife' and the CEAMA. Financial support was provided by Andalusian Research Groups RNM-179 and Project CGL2012-30729. ; |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:111266 |
Serial |
5819 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Preliminary evaluation of micro-Raman spectrometry for the characterization of individual aerosol particles |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Applied spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
60 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-47 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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000234851900007 |
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2006-01-23 |
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0003-7028 |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:56074 |
Serial |
8406 |
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Author |
Mmari, A.G.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Uiso, C.B.S.; Makundi, I.N.; Potgieter, J.H.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Corrosive marine atmosphere investigations in Tanzania: exposure sites and preliminary results |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Newsletter of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project |
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Volume |
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Issue |
36 |
Pages |
13-18 |
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Keywords |
A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:65012 |
Serial |
7739 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, J.H. |
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Title |
Integrated analytical techniques for the characterisation of environmental particles |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Spectroscopy Europe |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
12-15 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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ISSN |
0966-0941; 2634-2561 |
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UA library record |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:85517 |
Serial |
8109 |
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Author |
Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Darchuk, L.; Worobiec, A. |
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Title |
X ray fluorescence in member states: Belgium: integration of analysis techniques of different scales using X ray induced and electron induced X ray spectrometry for applications in preventive conservation and environmental monitoring |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
XRF newsletter |
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Volume |
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Issue |
18 |
Pages |
9-13 |
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Keywords |
A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:81898 |
Serial |
8766 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter, H. |
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Title |
Die risikoprofiel van Pb en Cr in stedelike padstof |
Type |
A2 Journal article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Litnet akademies : 'n joernaal vir die geesteswetenskappe |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1-22 |
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A2 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The risk profile of Cr and Pb in urban road deposited sediment Exponential urbanisation and industrial growth occur on a global scale and result in an ecological burden, of which one important part is pollution. It is well known that the extent of air pollution has escalated over the past two decades in several parts of the world, despite mitigating measures and legislation. Current research points to the fact that air pollution in urban and industrial areas is substantially different from that found in rural areas. Road dust (RD) contributes up to 35% of airborne particulate matter due to resuspension thereof, and poses a health concern due to carcinogenic and toxic components potentially present in the micron-sized fractions. Although literature does report on the concentrations of trace, toxic metals and metalloids present in RD (Hooker and Nathanail 2006), the molecular make-up of particulates generated due to the resuspension of the RD is not well documented. In vitro and animal toxicological studies have confirmed that the chemical composition of inhaled particles plays a major role in its toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms, but the component-specific toxic effects are still not understood. Transition metals binding to air particle matter can result in reactive oxygen species in the human body (particularly in the lungs), and this is a significant risk, especially for vulnerable population groups like elderly people, children and terminally ill patients. The characterisation of the molecular composition of the fine fraction is evidently of importance for public health. During an earlier study, road dust from an inner-city environment in the UK was collected and partially characterised (Barrett e.a. 2010). These same-size fractions were analysed for their elemental concentrations, using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, single-particle analysis was performed on the different fractions by means of Computer Controlled Electron Probe X-ray Micro Analysis (CC-EPXMA) and their molecular structure probed by studying elemental associations. These findings were correlated with Micro Raman Spectroscopy (MRS) results. It was found that the fine fraction (<38 μm) had the highest Pb (238 ppm) and Cr (171 ppm) concentrations. The CC-EPXMA data showed >50% association of Cr-rich particles with Pb and the MRS data showed that the Cr was mostly present as lead chromate and therefore in the Cr(VI) oxidation state. Concentrations of both Pb and Cr decreased substantially (279 (<38 mm) 13 ppm (<1mm); 171 (<38 mm) 91 ppm (<1mm) respectively) in the larger fractions. Apart from rather alarmingly high concentrations of oxidative stressors (Cu, Fe, Mn), the carcinogenic and toxic potential of the inhalable fraction is evident. Preliminary bioaccessibility data indicated that both Cr and Pb are readily |
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ISSN |
1995-5928 |
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UA library record |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:102566 |
Serial |
8482 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Godoi, R.H.M.; Godoi, A.F.L.; de Quadros, L.C.; Polezer, G.; Silva, T.O.B.; Yamamoto, C.I.; Van Grieken, R.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S. |
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Title |
Risk assessment and spatial chemical variability of PM collected at selected bus stations |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Air quality, atmosphere & health |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-11 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
The chemical characterization of particulate matter inside and outside of confined bus shelters has been discerned for the first time. Transit patrons are at risk due to the close vicinity of densely trafficked areas resulting in elevated pollution footprints. Incomplete combustion processes, as well as exhaust and wear and tear emissions from public and personal transportation vehicles, are key contributors to degraded urban air quality and are often implicated as causal to various diseases in humans. Urban planning, therefore, includes efficient public transport systems to mitigate the effect. The bus rapid transit system was inaugurated in Curitiba to ensure dedicated traffic lanes, major bus interchanges and semi-confined bus stops called tube stations. To assess the chemical risk that the passengers are exposed to, an investigation of the aerosol inside and outside five of these tube stations was launched. Electron probe X-ray micro-analysis and X-ray fluorescence were used to determine the elemental composition of individual and of bulk particle samples. An aethalometer quantified the black carbon. Elemental concentrations inside the shelters were in general higher than outside, especially for traffic-related elements. The lead concentration exceeded the NAAS standard at times, although the average was below the guideline. The biogenic, organic and soot clusters showed the highest abundance for the city centre sites. The overall carcinogenic risk could be classed as moderate, and the risk was significant at two sites during one of the sampling campaigns. The non-carcinogenic risk is well below the significant value. |
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Wos |
000328332500006 |
Publication Date |
2013-11-01 |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1873-9318 |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:111086 |
Serial |
8484 |
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Permanent link to this record |