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“Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of coal : a review”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Maledi N, Wagner N, van Heerden JHP, Van Grieken R, Potgieter JH, Journal of Raman spectroscopy 42, 123 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1002/JRS.2636
Abstract: The advances in the characterization of amorphous carbons by Raman spectroscopy over the last four decades are of interest to many industries, especially those involving the combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of coal. Many researchers report on the Raman character of the natural organic matter in carbon-containing compounds, such as coal, and relate the Raman bands to the structural order of the amorphous carbons. The basis of most of these studies evolved around the assignment of the G (graphitic, ∼1580 cm−1) band to crystalline graphite and any other bands, called D bands, (disorder, various from 1100 to 1500 cm−1) to any type of structural disorder in the graphitic structure. Concerning coal analysis, the information gained by Raman investigations has been used to describe char evolution as a function of temperature, the presence of catalysts and different gasification conditions. In addition, researchers looked at maturation, grade, doppleritization and many more aspects of interest. One aspect that has, however, not been addressed by most of the researchers is the natural inorganic matter (NIM) in the carbon-containing compounds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) has many advantages over other characterization tools, i.e. in situ analysis, nondestructive, no sample preparation, low detection limit, micrometer-scale characterization, versatility and sensitivity to many amorphous compounds. With the distinct advantages it has over that of other molecular characterization tools, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray detection (SEM/EDS), it is surprising that it has not yet been fully exploited up to this point for the characterization of the NIM in coal and other amorphous carbons. This paper reviews the work published on the Raman characterization of the natural organic matter (NOM) of coals and reports on preliminary results of the NIM character of various South African coals, whereby various inorganic compounds and minerals in the coal have been characterized.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/JRS.2636
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“Enamels in stained-glass windows : preparation, chemical composition, microstructure and causes of deterioration”. Caen J, Schalm O, van der Snickt G, van der Linden V, Frederickx P, Schryvers D, Janssens K, Cornelis E, van Dyck D, Schreiner M, , 121 (2005)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Art; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Vision lab
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“Composition and state of alteration of 18th-century glass finds found at the Cistercian nunnery of Clairefontaine, Belgium”. Hellemans K, Vincke A, Cagno S, Herremans D, De Clercq W, Janssens K, Journal of archaeological science 47, 121 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAS.2014.03.039
Abstract: A hundred 18th-century glass fragments were recovered at the Clairefontaine monastery in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. They were analysed by a combination of SEM-EDX and LA-ICP-MS in order to determine their major composition as well as their trace element signature. Multivariate statistical methods such as hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were used to divide the glass fragments into four main groups: potassium-rich glass, sodium-rich glass, potassium/lime-rich glass and high-lime-low-alkali glass. Within every group, not only a similarity in composition is observed, but also in colour, morphology and deterioration patterns. Potash glass fragments are the most abundant and show extensive deterioration; two classes of potash glass were identified: one similar to certain Central European glass compositions, while the other one, characterised by large variations in potash: lime ratio, may be attributed to local (regional) glass production. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Philosophy; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 2.602
Times cited: 12
DOI: 10.1016/J.JAS.2014.03.039
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“Assessing the size-dependent chemical speciation of soil particles using electron probe X-ray microanalysis”. Semenov MY, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R, Microchimica acta 157, 121 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00604-006-0637-3
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S00604-006-0637-3
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“Assessment of local analysis by Fourier transform laser microprobe mass spectrometry with external ion source”. van Roy W, Struyf H, Kennis P, Van Vaeck L, Van Grieken R, Andrle C, Microchimica acta 120, 121 (1995). http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01244426
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/BF01244426
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“Chemical composition, mass size distribution and source analysis of long-range transported wildfire smokes in Helsinki”. Sillanpää, M, Saarikoski S, Hillamo R, Pennanen A, Makkonen U, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R, Koskentalo T, Salonen RO, The science of the total environment 350, 119 (2005). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2005.01.024
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2005.01.024
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“North Sea aerosol characterization by single particle analysis techniques”. van Malderen H, de Bock L, Injuk J, Xhoffer C, Van Grieken R page 119 (1993).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Preliminary experiments on grazing-exit electron probe microanalysis (GE-EPMA)”. Tsuji K, Spolnik Z, Wagatsuma K, Nullens R, Van Grieken RE, , 119 (1999)
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Studying aerosol samples by non-linear mapping of electron probe microanalysis data”. Treiger B, van Malderen H, Bondarenko I, van Espen P, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 284, 119 (1993). http://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(93)80014-C
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80014-C
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“Tracing the metal pollution history of the Tisza River through the analysis of a sediment depth profile”. Nguyen HL, Braun M, Szaloki I, Baeyens W, Van Grieken R, Leermakers M, Water, air and soil pollution 200, 119 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1007/S11270-008-9898-2
Abstract: The vertical profiles of 20 major and trace metals were investigated along a 180-cm-long sediment core, which was sampled at Kiss-Janosne-Holt Tisza, an oxbow lake located in the upper part of the Tisza River in Hungary. The vertical profiles showed sharp peaks at different depths, reflecting historical pollution events and unusual changes of river water characteristics. Five different groups of metals, containing metals which were strongly correlated and showing a similar behaviour, could be distinguished by factor analysis. Six areas, with variable degrees and types of contamination, were classified in the sediment core with cluster analysis. The most polluted sections were found in the upper 50-cm part (significantly contaminated by Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg) and the deeper 100120-cm part (characterised by high concentrations of metals associated with mining activities, such as Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Zn and Pb). In recent years, important pollution events, such as the one which took place in March of 2000, were the reason for pollution of the upper sediment layers, whereas mining activities during the last century were responsible for the pollution of the deeper core sections.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S11270-008-9898-2
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“Implementation of an expert system for the qualitative interpretation of x-ray-fluorescence spectra”. Janssens K, van Espen P, Analytica chimica acta 184, 117 (1986). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86475-2
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86475-2
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“Study of the influence of water and oxygen on the morphology and chemistry of pyritized lignite: Implications for the development of a preventive drying protocol”. Odin GP, Belhadj O, Vanmeert F, Janssens K, Wattiaux A, Francois A, Rouchon V, Journal Of Cultural Heritage 42, 117 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2019.08.004
Abstract: Lignite constitutes a unique testimony of past diversity and evolution of land plants. This material, usually waterlogged, is particularly difficult to dry because of its mechanical sensitivity to moisture changes. In addition, lignite may contain organic and inorganic sulfides, which are susceptible to oxidation once excavated. As a result, the conservation of lignite is particularly complicated and lignite remains scarce in paleobotanical collections. We experimentally test different drying protocols on waterlogged pyritized lignite, while documenting the respective role of water and oxygen on their morphology and chemistry. The results reveal that inorganic sulfides (pyrite) are more prone to oxidation than organic sulfides (thioethers). Critically, water is the main factor responsible for this oxidation, provoking sulfate efflorescence when samples are further exposed to oxygen. On the other hand, an abrupt removal of water provokes significant mechanical damage while sulfur remains mostly present as reduced compounds. The control of water and oxygen exchanges is thus critical for conserving lignite without physical damage and efflorescence. We successfully achieved this by storing the samples in hermetically sealed plastic bags made of semi-permeable films, which slowly release humidity while allowing a gradual influx of oxygen. We advise curators to quickly handle lignite once removed from its waterlogged environment because of the fast kinetics of oxidation, and to choose a drying protocol according to the purpose of the lignite treated. Finally, once dried, we advise to store the lignite in an anhydrous environment. (C) 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Art; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 3.1
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2019.08.004
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“Benzene concentrations on board chemical tankers”. Jacobs W, Dubois D, Floren E, Aerts D, Goris J, Buczyńska A, Van Grieken R, WMU journal of maritime affairs 10, 117 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1007/S13437-010-0002-6
Abstract: Maritime transport of benzene is regulated by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Two important guidelines for a ships crew in this matter are IMO circulars 1095 and 1220. The first one describes the minimum safety standards for ships carrying liquids in bulk containing benzene while circular 1220 deals with structural guidelines for new ships carrying liquids in bulk containing benzene, but also technical developments could help in improving safety and health protection on board chemical tankers carrying benzene in bulk. The aim of the present paper is to determine the benzene concentration in the working and living environment on board a modern chemical tanker carrying benzene in bulk, where all safety, technical and operational procedures described by IMO in the above-mentioned circulars are followed. During specific cargo operations, we measured the benzene concentrations on different locations on board by means of Radiello® passive diffusive samplers. Despite all measures taken, we found an important difference in benzene concentration between operations with a benzene cargo compared to operations without benzene on board, as well as inside and outside the accommodation. Moreover, even during discharge operations, where the emission is theoretically zero, we found an important increase in the benzene concentration. In addition, we found less favourable results for the engine room.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S13437-010-0002-6
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“Characterization of the weathering crust of various historical buildings in Belgium”. Leysen LA, Roekens EJ, Van Grieken RE, De Geyter G, The science of the total environment 90, 117 (1990). http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90190-6
Abstract: A variety of samples, collected from different historical buildings and monuments throughout Belgium, were thoroughly studied, using several trace- and micro-analysis techniques. Thin sections of stones and mortar joints were characterized by means of electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). The morphological appearance of the surface weathering crust and the possible presence of non-innate particles in the crust were elucidated using petrographical and electron microscopy. Quantitative characterization of the total chemical composition of the crust surface layer and underlying layer was performed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, and by ion chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry for the leachable components. Special attention was also paid to the chemical composition of rain and air at the particular sampling sites. The element distribution in the transition zone between the weathering crust and the original stone material was found to vary greatly amongst the different samples analyzed. Detailed EPXMA measurements on pieces of the weathering crust showed remarkable differences in morphology and composition between the surface and the underlying layer, and provided information about the presence of fly-ash and soil dust particles in the crust. Except for crusts from the city of Brussels, which were all very high in sulphate, the samples appeared to contain very variable sulphate contents; very local micro-climate and environmental conditions at a particular site are more important in determining the weathering condition of the building stones than the local air pollution situation. Bulk analytical characterization further showed, in all the crust samples studied, a very small contribution of nitrogen- and chlorine-containing weathering products, in contrast to sulphur-containing weathering salts.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90190-6
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“Heavy metal distribution in the Godavari river basin”. Biksham G, Subramanian V, Ramanathan A, Van Grieken R, Environmental geology and water sciences 17, 117 (1991)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Study of inorganic ammonium compounds in individual marine aerosol particles by laser microprobe mass spectrometry”. Otten P, Bruynseels F, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 195, 117 (1987). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85654-8
Abstract: Ammonia is important in the atmosphere because it neutralizes acidic species. The relative importance of different inorganic ammonium compounds (chloride, nitrate and sulfate) in marine air chemistry was studied by single-particle characterization with the laser microprobe mass analyser. Standard aerosols were generated as a reference for compound identification, based on the fingerprint spectra obtained, and calculation of the relative sensitivity achieved for different ions in a marine aerosol matrix. The relative sensitivity for ammonium was low. Aerosol samples were collected in the Southern Bight of the North Sea under different meteorological conditions and examined for their ammonium compounds. Samples collected during an inversion period with continental influences showed a much higher content in all particles than samples collected under different meteorological conditions, where ammonium was mostly detected in the submicrometer particle-size range.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85654-8
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“Identifying VOCs in exhibition cases and efflorescence on museum objects exhibited at Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian-New York”. Alvarez-Martin A, George J, Kaplan E, Osmond L, Bright L, Newsome GA, Kaczkowski R, Vanmeert F, Kavich G, Heald S, Heritage science 8, 115 (2020). http://doi.org/10.1186/S40494-020-00454-4
Abstract: Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum and shipped to an off-site laboratory for analysis. This broadens the accessibility of MS techniques to museums without access to instrumentation or in-house analysis capabilities.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 2.5
DOI: 10.1186/S40494-020-00454-4
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“Measuring gaseous and particulate pollutants: instruments and instrumental problems”. Rosenberg E, De Santis F, Kontozova-Deutsch V, Odlyha M, Van Grieken R, Vichi F page 115 (2010).
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“A simple absorption correction for electron probe X-ray microanalysis of bulk samples”. Markowicz A, Storms H, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 15, 115 (1986). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1300150209
Abstract: A simple procedure is proposed for the calculation of the absorption correction factor in electron-probe x-ray microanalysis. It is based on the concept of an effective depth of x-ray production, assuming a rectangular depth distribution function for x-ray generation. This effective x-ray production depth is expressed as a fraction of the x-ray excitation depth given by Whelan's expression. Adequate values for this fraction are presented. Two versions are considered. In the first the effective x-ray production is a function of both the characteristic x-ray energy and the atomic numbers of the matrix elements, whereas in the second one, which is indicated for routine use, the energy dependence is neglected. Calculations pointed to satisfactory results, even for low x-ray energies and high overvoltages.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1300150209
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“Present and future applications of beam techniques in environmental microanalysis”. Jambers W, Van Grieken R, Trends in analytical chemistry 15, 114 (1996). http://doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(95)00098-4
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(95)00098-4
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“Analysis of the composition of glass objects from Qumran, Israel and the comparison with other Roman glass from western Europe”. Aerts A, Janssens K, Velde B, Adams F, Wouters H page 113 (2000).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Les conclusions du programme européen Vidrio sur la protection des vitraux par verrière extérieure”. Pallot-Frossard I, Van Grieken R, Godoi R, Kontozova V, et al, Monumental: revue scientifique et technique , 113 (2007)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Determination of trace selenium in biological material by preconcentration and X-ray emission spectrometry”. Robberecht H, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 147, 113 (1983). http://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(83)80077-4
Abstract: Selenium is determined in the ng g−1 to μg g−1 range in biological and environmental samples. A wet digestion procedure was optimized with respect to volatility losses and recovery yields, by using 75Se metabolically incorporated into rat organs. Selenium is preconcentrated from the digestion liquid by a two-step reduction with 4 M HCl and ascorbic acid. The colloidal selenium formed is adsorbed on activated carbon and filtered on a Nucleopore membrane for measurement by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Almost complete recovery was obtained, and the detection limit was 20 ng, corresponding to 10 ng g−1 for a 2-g sample. Biological reference materials were analyzed with satisfactory results, and the accuracy of the method was good.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(83)80077-4
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“Zware metalen in Noordzee- en Schelde-sedimenten”. Van Alsenoy W, Bernard P, Van Grieken R, Wtare 5, 113 (1990)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Chemical analysis of 16th to 19th century Limoges School painted enamel objects in three museums of the Low Countries”. van der Linden V, Schalm O, Houbraken J, Thomas M, Meesdom E, Devos A, van Dooren R, Nieuwdorp H, Janssen E, Janssens K, X-ray spectrometry 39, 112 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1207
Abstract: In this study, the results of analysing of a series of 16th-19th century painted enamel objects of the Limoges School currently in collections in three Dutch and Flemish museums by means of portable and micro x-ray fluorescence analysis (PXRF and µ-XRF) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) are presented. The aim of the investigation was the authentication of specific pieces. Therefore, the glass compositions as well as the (glass) colouring agents used by the Limoges' artists were studied as a function of the age of the objects. Due to the evolution of these properties, it is possible to approximately date these objects based on their chemical composition. The complete émail peint collection of the Museum Boijmans-Van Beuningen (Rotterdam, The Netherlands), consisting of 20 émail peint plaques, was analysed with µ-XRF. Quantitative information was obtained by EPMA analysis of 15 enamel fragments of objects from museum and private collections in the Low Countries. PXRF analyses were performed on the painted enamel collection of the Antwerp Vleeshuis Museum (13 objects) and the Mayer van den Bergh Museum (4 objects) and on a set of 18 plaques that were donated to the Boijmans-Van Beuningen Museum by a private collector. The results obtained by means of EPMA, µ-XRF and PXRF proved to be useful in the discrimination of 16th century painted enamel objects from those of the19th century. From a total of 70 objects examined, 2 objects (OM964A and OM993) featured a chemical signature that deviated from the published literature composition and pigment use consistent with its presumed period of manufacture.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.298
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1207
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“Composition of pigments on human bones found in excavations in Argentina studied with micro-Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy”. Darchuk L, Stefaniak EA, Vázquez C, Palacios OM, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, e-Preservation Science 6, 112 (2009)
Abstract: Results on analysis of prehistoric pigments from excavations and pigments on coloured child bones from North Patagonia, Argentina, are reported. To analyze their composition we used two micro-analytical techniques: micro- Raman spectrometry (MRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray micro-analysis (SEM/EDX). Most investigated excavated pigments show red or yellow ochres consistent with reddish or yellow minerals, such as á- and ã-goethite, haematite, erdite, haapalaite and jarosite. Raman spectra show also evidence of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcite indicating lichen activity. Pigments covering human bones were identified as hematite and magnetite. This study allows us to infer that pigments found in excavation were employed for burial ceremonies, even though distances between excavated pigment archaeological site and buried remains are quite far, more than 50 km in a straight line.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“EDXRF determination of impurities in potassium dihydrogenphosphate single crystals and raw materials”. Belikov KN, Mikhailova LI, Spolnik ZM, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 35, 112 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.874
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.874
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“The use of full-field XRF for simultaneous elemental mapping”. Alfeld M, Janssens K, Sasov A, Liu X, Kostenko A, Rickers-Appel K, Falkenberg G, , 111 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3399236
Abstract: The characteristics of a Full-Field X-ray Fluorescence (FF-XRF) set-up for element-specific imaging, installed at the HASYLAB synchrotron radiation source, were determined. A lateral resolution of 10 μm and limits of detection in the percentage range were found. Further potential developments in CCDs available for FF-XRF are discussed and the use of polycapillary lenses as image transfer optics is illustrated in some explorative experiments.
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.3399236
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“Application of thin-window EPMA to environmental problems in Hungary”. Osán J, Kurunczi S, Török S, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Microchimica acta 139, 111 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1007/S006040200048
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S006040200048
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“Atmospheric aerosol and stone conservation”. Van Grieken R, Delalieux F, Cardell Fernandez C page 111 (1999).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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