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“Correlations between molecular and operational parameters in continuous lab-scale anaerobic reactors”. Carballa M, Smits M, Etchebehere C, Boon N, Verstraete W, Applied microbiology and biotechnology 89, 303 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00253-010-2858-Y
Abstract: In this study, the microbial community characteristics in continuous lab-scale anaerobic reactors were correlated to reactor functionality using the microbial resource management (MRM) approach. Two molecular techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), were applied to analyze the bacterial and archaeal communities, and the results obtained have been compared. Clustering analyses showed a similar discrimination of samples with DGGE and T-RFLP data, with a clear separation between the meso- and thermophilic communities. Both techniques indicate that bacterial and mesophilic communities were richer and more even than archaeal and thermophilic communities, respectively. Remarkably, the community composition was highly dynamic for both Bacteria and Archaea, with a rate of change between 30% and 75% per 18 days, also in stable performing periods. A hypothesis to explain the latter in the context of the converging metabolism in anaerobic processes is proposed. Finally, a more even and diverse bacterial community was found to be statistically representative for a well-functioning reactor as evidenced by a low Ripley index and high biogas production.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.1007/S00253-010-2858-Y
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“A methodology for the identification of glass panes of different origin in a single stained glass window: application on two 13th century windows”. Schalm O, de Raedt I, Caen J, Janssens K, Journal of cultural heritage 11, 487 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2010.05.004
Abstract: The chemical composition of 11 glass panes originating from two 13th century non-figurative windows were analyzed by means of Scanning Electron MicroscopyEnergy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX). The windows were discovered in the back-wall of the triforium during the restoration of the choir of the cathedral St. Michael and St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). In order to determine if these windows were fabricated with glass of different origin or not, the compositional difference between the panes were compared with the variation in composition as a result of the following causes: (1) compositional fluctuation between panes cut from the same sheet of glass, (2) compositional fluctuation caused when panes are cut from different sheets that were made with the same batch, (3) compositional fluctuation caused when the glass is made from different batches at the same production center, and (4) compositional fluctuation as a result of glass produced at different fabrication centers.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.838
Times cited: 7
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2010.05.004
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“FTIR techniques applied to the detection of gelatine in paper artifacts: from macroscopic to microscopic approach”. Rouchon V, Pellizzi E, Janssens K, Applied physics A : materials science &, processing 100, 663 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00339-010-5649-5
Abstract: In order to render paper hydrophobic for ink and thus adequate for writing, gelatine has been largely used. To this day, it is still employed in conservation workshops as an adhesive or a sizing agent, for instance, during the treatment of iron gall ink manuscripts. Various types and concentrations of gelatine are recommended, depending on the desired effect, but little information is available regarding to the physical distribution of gelatine in the paper. This aspect is however determinant for a better control of conservation treatments. In this work, we investigate the possibilities offered by FTIR microscopy for the measurement of the gelatine distribution in paper. Laboratory papers were preliminary treated with different types of gelatine and then embedded in a resin and cut in thin slices. Mapping techniques enable to compare the penetration of different types of gelatine in a semiquantitative way. The performance of conventional laboratory equipment and synchrotron radiation experimental setup are discussed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.455
Times cited: 12
DOI: 10.1007/S00339-010-5649-5
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“Behavior of semi-volatile particles under a laser and electron beam: influence on the quality of analytical results”. Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Darchuk L, Vishnyakov V, Potgieter H, Van Grieken R, AIP conference proceedings 1267, 523 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3482653
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1063/1.3482653
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“Composition of aerosols from the shelter of the Chernobyl power plant”. Darchuk L, Worobiec A, Khan V, Krasnov V, Van Grieken R, AIP conference proceedings 1267, 512 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3482646
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1063/1.3482646
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“Validation of a newly developed FTIR in situ reactor: real time study of photocatalytic degradation of nitric oxide”. Hauchecorne B, Tytgat T, Terrens D, Vanpachtenbeke F, Lenaerts S, Infrared physics and technology 53, 469 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.INFRARED.2010.09.008
Abstract: For many years, photocatalysis has been proposed as one of the promising techniques to abate environmental pollutants. To improve these reactions it is vital to know the reaction mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation. This new reactor will make it possible to study the catalytic surface at the moment the reactions occur. By the means of UV LED illumination there is no need of an external UV lamp and thus lowers the cost. The validation of this newly developed reactor is done by investigating the photocatalytic reaction mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) and comparing these findings with those already discussed in literature. From these results, it became clear that the newly developed FTIR in situ reactor allows real time study of photocatalytic degradations.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 1.713
Times cited: 12
DOI: 10.1016/J.INFRARED.2010.09.008
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“Monte Carlo simulation of X-ray spectra from low energy electrons using optical data”. Roet D, van Espen P, Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research: B: beam interactions with materials and atoms 268, 2794 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMB.2010.07.004
Abstract: An approach using optical data to simulate both the bremsstrahlung continuum and characteristic K and L X-ray lines generated by low energy electrons (cfr. electron microscopy) in solids is discussed in this paper. The necessary analytical expressions together with the data to calculate the relevant cross sections for elastic and inelastic interactions at these energies along with variance reduction techniques are given. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation are compared to experimental data measured with a JEOL 6300 electron microscope.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.NIMB.2010.07.004
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“Appraisal of measurement methods, chemical composition and sources of fine atmospheric particles over six different areas of Northern Belgium”. Bencs L, Ravindra K, de Hoog J, Spolnik Z, Bleux N, Berghmans P, Deutsch F, Roekens E, Van Grieken R, Environmental pollution 158, 3421 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.07.012
Abstract: Daily and seasonal variation in the total elemental, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content and mass of PM2.5 were studied at industrial, urban, suburban and agricultural/rural areas. Continuous (optical Dustscan, standard tapered element oscillating micro-balance (TEOM), TEOM with filter dynamics measurement system), semi-continuous (Partisol filter-sampling) and non-continuous (Dekati-impactor sampling and gravimetry) methods of PM2.5 mass monitoring were critically evaluated. The average elemental fraction accounted for 26% of the PM2.5 mass measured by gravimetry. Metals, like K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were strongly inter-correlated, also frequently with non-metallic elements (P, S, Cl and/or Br) and EC/OC. A high OC/EC ratio (29) was generally observed. The total carbon content of PM2.5 ranged between 3 and 77% (averages: 1232%), peaking near industrial/heavy trafficked sites. Principal component analysis identified heavy oil burning, ferrous/non-ferrous industry and vehicular emissions as the main sources of metal pollution. This work compares various aerosol monitoring methods to characterize PM2.5 over six locations of different anthropogenic activities over Northern Belgium.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.07.012
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“Biogeochemical study of a coccolithophore bloom in the northern Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic Ocean) in June 2004”. Harlay J, Borges AV, van der Zee C, Delille B, Godoi RHM, Schiettecatte L-S, Roevros N, Aerts K, Lapernat P-E, Rebreanu L, Groom S, Daro M-H, Van Grieken R, Chou L, Progress in oceanography 86, 317 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.POCEAN.2010.04.029
Abstract: The present paper synthesizes data obtained during a multidisciplinary cruise carried out in June 2004 at the continental margin of the northern Bay of Biscay. The data-set allows to describe the different stages of a coccolithophore bloom dominated by Emiliania huxleyi. The cruise was carried out after the main spring phytoplankton bloom that started in mid-April and peaked in mid-May. Consequently, low phosphate (PO4 < 0.2 μM) and silicate (DSi < 2.0 μM) concentrations, low partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and high calcite saturation degree in surface waters combined with thermal stratification, probably favoured the blooming of coccolithophores. During the period of the year our cruise was carried out, internal tides induce enhanced vertical mixing at the continental shelf break leading to the injection of inorganic nutrients to surface waters that probably trigger the bloom. The bloom developed as the water-column stratified and as the water mass was advected over the continental shelf, following the general residual circulation in the area. The most developed phase of the bloom was sampled in a remote sensed high reflectance (HR) patch over the continental shelf that was characterized by low chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in surface waters (<1.0 μg L−1), high particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) concentration (not, vert, similar8 μmol L−1) and coccolithophore abundance up to 57 × 106 cells L−1. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) concentrations ranged between 15 and 75 μg C L−1 and carbon content of TEP represented up to 26% of the particulate organic carbon (POC; maximum concentration of 15.5 μmol L−1 in the upper 40 m). Integrated primary production (PP) ranged between 210 and 680 mg C m−2 d−1 and integrated calcification (CAL) ranged between 14 and 140 mg C m−2 d−1, within the range of PP and CAL values previously reported during coccolithophore blooms in open and shelf waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial protein production (BPP) measurements in surface waters (0.30.7 μg C L−1 h−1) were much higher than those reported during early phases of coccolithophore blooms in natural conditions, but similar to those during peak and declining coocolithophorid blooms reported in mesocosms. Total alkalinity anomalies with respect to conservative mixing (ΔTA) down to −49 μmol kg−1 are consistent with the occurrence of biogenic precipitation of calcite, while pCO2 remained 15107 μatm lower than atmospheric equilibrium (372 μatm). The correlation between ΔTA and pCO2 suggested that pCO2 increased in part due to calcification, but this increase was insufficient to overcome the background under-saturation of CO2. This is related to the biogeochemical history of the water masses due to net carbon fixation by the successive phytoplankton blooms in the area prior to the cruise, hence, the investigated area remained a sink for atmospheric CO2 despite calcification.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.POCEAN.2010.04.029
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“Solving mercury (Hg) speciation in soil samples by synchrotron X-ray microspectroscopic techniques”. Terzano R, Santoro A, Spagnuolo M, Vekemans B, Medici L, Janssens K, Göttlicher J, Denecke MA, Mangold S, Ruggiero P, Environmental pollution 158, 2702 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.04.016
Abstract: Direct mercury (Hg) speciation was assessed for soil samples with a Hg concentration ranging from 7 up to 240 mg kg1. Hg chemical forms were identified and quantified by sequential extractions and bulkand micro-analytical techniques exploiting synchrotron generated X-rays. In particular, microspectroscopic techniques such as m-XRF, m-XRD and m-XANES were necessary to solve bulk Hg speciation, in both soil fractions <2 mm and <2 mm. The main Hg-species found in the soil samples were metacinnabar (b-HgS), cinnabar (a-HgS), corderoite (Hg3S2Cl2), and an amorphous phase containing Hg bound to chlorine and sulfur. The amount of metacinnabar and amorphous phases increased in the fraction <2 mm. No interaction among Hg-species and soil components was observed. All the observed Hgspecies originated from the slow weathering of an inert Hg-containing waste material (K106, U.S. EPA) dumped in the area several years ago, which is changing into a relatively more dangerous source of pollution.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 5.099
Times cited: 30
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2010.04.016
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“Photon-based techniques for nondestructive subsurface analysis of painted cultural heritage artifacts”. Janssens K, Dik J, Cotte M, Susini J, Accounts of chemical research 43, 814 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1021/AR900248E
Abstract: Often, just micrometers below a paintings surface lies a wealth of information, both with Old Masters such as Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt van Rijn and with more recent artists of great renown such as Vincent Van Gogh and James Ensor. Subsurface layers may include underdrawing, underpainting, and alterations, and in a growing number of cases conservators have discovered abandoned compositions on paintings, illustrating artists practice of reusing a canvas or panel. The standard methods for studying the inner structure of cultural heritage (CH) artifacts are infrared reflectography and X-ray radiography, techniques that are optionally complemented with the microscopic analysis of cross-sectioned samples. These methods have limitations, but recently, a number of fundamentally new approaches for fully imaging the buildup of hidden paint layers and other complex three-dimensional (3D) substructures have been put into practice. In this Account, we discuss these developments and their recent practical application with CH artifacts. We begin with a tabular summary of 14 IR- and X-ray-based imaging methods and then continue with a discussion of each technique, illustrating CH applications with specific case studies. X-ray-based tomographic and laminographic techniques can be used to generate 3D renditions of artifacts of varying dimensions. These methods are proving invaluable for exploring inner structures, identifying the conservation state, and postulating the original manufacturing technology of metallic and other sculptures. In the analysis of paint layers, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) can highlight interfaces between layers in a stratigraphic buildup, whereas macrosopic scanning X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) has been employed to measure the distribution of pigments within these layers. This combination of innovative methods provides topographic and color information about the micrometer depth scale, allowing us to look into paintings in an entirely new manner. Over the past five years, several new variants of traditional IR- and X-ray-based imaging methods have been implemented by conservators and museums, and the first reports have begun to emerge in the primary research literature. Applying these state-of-the-art techniques in a complementary fashion affords a more comprehensive view of paintings and other artworks.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 20.268
Times cited: 78
DOI: 10.1021/AR900248E
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“Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy for art conservation: looking back and looking forward”. Cotte M, Susini J, Dik J, Janssens K, Accounts of chemical research 43, 705 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1021/AR900199M
Abstract: A variety of analytical techniques augmented by the use of synchrotron radiation (SR), such as X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), are now readily available, and they differ little, conceptually, from their common laboratory counterparts. Because of numerous advantages afforded by SR-based techniques over benchtop versions, however, SR methods have become popular with archaeologists, art historians, curators, and other researchers in the field of cultural heritage (CH). Although the CH community now commonly uses both SR-XRF and SR-XRD, the use of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (SR-XAS) techniques remains marginal, mostly because CH specialists rarely interact with SR physicists. In this Account, we examine the basic principles and capabilities of XAS techniques in art preservation. XAS techniques offer a combination of features particularly well-suited for the chemical analysis of works of art. The methods are noninvasive, have low detection limits, afford high lateral resolution, and provide exceptional chemical sensitivity. These characteristics are highly desirable for the chemical characterization of precious, heterogeneous, and complex materials. In particular, the chemical mapping capability, with high spatial resolution that provides information about local composition and chemical states, even for trace elements, is a unique asset. The chemistry involved in both the objects history (that is, during fabrication) and future (that is, during preservation and restoration treatments) can be addressed by XAS. On the one hand, many studies seek to explain optical effects occurring in historical glasses or ceramics by probing the molecular environment of relevant chromophores. Hence, XAS can provide insight into craft skills that were mastered years, decades, or centuries ago but were lost over the course of time. On the other hand, XAS can also be used to characterize unwanted reactions, which are then considered alteration phenomena and can dramatically alter the objects original visual properties. In such cases, the bulk elemental composition is usually unchanged. Hence, monitoring oxidation state (or, more generally, other chemical modifications) can be of great importance. Recent applications of XAS in art conservation are reviewed and new trends are discussed, highlighting the value (and future possibilities) of XAS, which remains, given its potential, underutilized in the CH community.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 20.268
Times cited: 74
DOI: 10.1021/AR900199M
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“Recent trends in quantitative aspects of microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis”. Janssens K, de Nolf W, van der Snickt G, Vincze L, Vekemans B, Terzano R, Brenker FE, Trends in analytical chemistry 29, 464 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRAC.2010.03.003
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 8.442
Times cited: 48
DOI: 10.1016/J.TRAC.2010.03.003
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“Measuring gaseous and particulate pollutants: instruments and instrumental problems”. Rosenberg E, De Santis F, Kontozova-Deutsch V, Odlyha M, Van Grieken R, Vichi F page 115 (2010).
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Les conclusions du programme européen Vidrio sur la protection des vitraux par verrière extérieure”. Pallot-Frossard I, Van Grieken R, Godoi R, Kontozova V, et al, Monumental: revue scientifique et technique , 113 (2007)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Transport and deposition of airborne pollutants in exhibition areas located in historical buildings: study in Wawel Castle Museum in Cracow, Poland”. Worobiec A, Samek J, Krata A, van Meel K, Krupińska B, Stefaniak EA, Karaszkiewicz P, Van Grieken R, Journal of cultural heritage 11, 354 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2009.11.009
Abstract: Historical buildings and castles that have been turned nowadays into museums, as an exhibition area for precious cultural heritage (CH) items, need more attention since they are CH objects by themselves. Moreover, the preservation techniques require often, significant interventions; however such changes are not always possible or are very limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of outdoor air pollution on the composition of particulate matter and gases inside the museum of Wawel Castle in Cracow, Poland. During this study a combination of micro and trace analysis techniques were applied, including energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). An intensive transport of air pollutants coupled with accumulation of the particles inside the museum was noticed (considerably higher in winter than summer). A high content of carbon and organic matter agglomerated with inorganic particles was determined. Those particles are of special concern because of their adhesive properties and reactivity. It was also noted that the conditions inside the museum favour the reaction of the particles with gaseous pollutants. It was especially the case for nitrate particles.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2009.11.009
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“Investigation of inclusions trapped inside Libyan desert glass by Raman microscopy”. Swaenen M, Stefaniak EA, Frost R, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 397, 2659 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-009-3351-2
Abstract: Several specimens of Libyan desert glass (LDG), an enigmatic natural glass from Egypt, were subjected to investigation by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The spectra of inclusions inside the LDG samples were successfully measured through the layers of glass and the mineral species were identified on this basis. The presence of cristobalite as typical for high-temperature melt products was confirmed, together with co-existing quartz. TiO2 was determined in two polymorphic species rutile and anatase. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved also the presence of minerals unusual for high-temperature glasses such as anhydrite and aragonite.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1007/S00216-009-3351-2
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“A brief history of 50 years of ICXOM”. Janssens K, , 1 (2010)
Abstract: The ICXOM series of meetings began in 1956 and for over 50 years have been conferences devoted to the topic of “X-ray microanalysis”, both for those interested in developing instrumentation and methods of analysis and for scientists mainly interested in using X-ray micro-analysers for investigations of an applied nature. This contribution surveys the ICXOM series origins, its development and trends over the years.
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Micro X-ray diffraction and fluorescence tomography for the study of multilayered automotive paints”. de Nolf W, Janssens K, Surface and interface analysis 42, 411 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/SIA.3125
Abstract: Combined microscopic X-ray fluorescence/microscopic X-ray diffraction (µ-XRF/µ-XRD) tomography is a recently developed method that allows the visualization of the distribution of chemical elements and the associated crystalline phases inside complex, heterogeneous materials of extended thickness (millimeter range) in a nondestructive fashion. In this paper, the accuracy and resolution with which the individual layers in a multilayer stack of automotive paints can be distinguished is evaluated, and some of their properties measured. A paint layer system of eight layers was investigated, in which eight different crystalline substances were identified, each layer consisting of an organic, synthetic resin doped with finely milled inorganic compounds that serve as pigments or to strengthen the layer. In the XRD tomograms, all paint layers could be straightforwardly distinguished and their average thickness calculated. In case the filtered back projection method was used for tomogram reconstruction, a spatial resolution comparable to the microbeam size was obtained indicating no significant reconstruction blurring. When a more robust reconstruction method, such as the maximum-likelihood expectation maximization method, was employed, tomograms showing fewer artifacts were obtained, but with a spatial resolution that was two times worse. In the corresponding XRF tomograms, significant self-absorption distorted the element-specific tomograms corresponding to the low-energy (<7 keV) characteristic radiation and limited their usefulness. It can be concluded that microbeam XRD tomography allows the accurate visualization of the distribution of crystalline phases in multilayered automotive paint materials of millimeter dimensions with sufficient resolution to allow separate characterization of each layer in terms of its crystal-phase composition and thickness.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.132
Times cited: 70
DOI: 10.1002/SIA.3125
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“Passive samplers for monitoring VOCs in groundwater and the prospects related to mass flux measurements”. Verreydt G, Bronders J, van Keer I, Diels L, Vanderauwera P, Ground water monitoring and remediation 30, 114 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-6592.2010.01281.X
Abstract: Measurement and interpretation of mass fluxes in favor of concentrations is gaining more and more interest, especially within the framework of the characterization and management of large-scale volatile organic carbon (VOC) groundwater contamination (source zones and plumes). Traditional methods of estimating contaminant fluxes and discharges involve individual measurements/calculations of the Darcy water flux and the contaminant concentrations. However, taken into account the spatially and temporally varying hydrologic conditions in complex, heterogeneous aquifers, higher uncertainty arises from such indirect estimation of contaminant fluxes. Therefore, the potential use of passive sampling devices for the direct measurement of groundwater-related VOC mass fluxes is examined. A review of current passive samplers for the measurement of organic contaminants in water yielded the selection of 18 samplers that were screened for a number of criteria. These criteria are related to the possible application of the sampler for the measurement of VOC mass fluxes in groundwater. This screening study indicates that direct measurement of VOC mass fluxes in groundwater is possible with very few passive samplers. Currently, the passive flux meter (PFM) is the only passive sampler which has proven to effectively measure mass fluxes in near source groundwater. A passive sampler for mass flux measurement in plume zones with regard to long-term monitoring (several months to a year) still needs to be developed or optimized. A passive sampler for long-term monitoring of contaminant mass fluxes in groundwater would be of considerable value in the development of risk-based assessment and management of soil and groundwater pollutions.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.1111/J.1745-6592.2010.01281.X
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“Heavy metal analysis around Iskenderun Bay in Turkey”. Čevik U, Koz B, Makarovska Y, X-ray spectrometry 39, 202 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1250
Abstract: The heavy metal analysis around Iskenderun Bay in Turkey was carried out using mosses, soils, mussels, and sediments. This region is one of the most industrial areas of Turkey, including iron-steel plants, beverage, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plants, and oil transfer docks. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (Epsilon 5, PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) was used to analyze all samples. V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb elements were observed in all samples studied. Although Ce was detected in some mosses and soils, Sn was detected only in some moss samples. Pb concentrations in the moss samples are higher than the soil, the mussel, and the sediment samples. This can be attributed to the mosses that absorb heavy metals such as Pb easily from the air. As the aim of this study was to analyze heavy metals, the evaluation of these elements with their potential hazards for ecology and humans is briefly discussed
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1250
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“Preconcentration methods for the analysis of liquid samples by X-ray fluorescence techniques”. Marguí, E, Van Grieken R, Fontàs C, Hidalgo M, Queralt I, Applied spectroscopy reviews 45, 179 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1080/05704920903584198
Abstract: This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of multi-element and single-element preconcentration procedures prior to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of liquid samples. Many of these preconcentration methods were developed long ago and the purpose of this review is to present some new efficient variations of these methods and new techniques extending the possibilities of XRF for liquid solutions analysis. In addition, trends and future perspectives in this domain are also commented on and discussed in the last section of the review.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1080/05704920903584198
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“Elemental concentrations in aerosols at the Belgian coast versus seasons and air mass trajectories”. van Meel K, Horemans B, Krata A, Bencs L, Buczyńska AJ, Dirtu AC, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Environmental chemistry letters 8, 157 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1007/S10311-009-0203-4
Abstract: Marine aerosols have extensively been monitored in the framework of a research project to investigate the inorganic and organic nutrient fluxes of the atmospheric nitrogen input into the North Sea. As a part of this project bulk analysis was also performed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) on a total of 366 samples in order to provide detailed elemental composition. Samples have been clustered per campaign and differences were related to backward trajectories. Elements as Cl, Si, and S appeared to be the best tracers for coastal aerosols. Therefore they have been chosen to represent each campaign and to map the seasonal variations. It is clear that Cl is an excellent tracer for oceanic trajectories, while a less clear correlation between the soil dust components and the air mass trajectories is found.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); Toxicological Centre
DOI: 10.1007/S10311-009-0203-4
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“Pyrolysis kinetics of bamboo material”. Potters G, Schoeters G, Tytgat T, Horvath G, Ludecke C, Cool P, Lenaerts S, Appels L, Dewil R, (2010)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
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“Impact of tank construction on corrosion of ship ballast tanks”. de Baere K, Verstraelen H, Dewil R, Lemmens L, Lenaerts S, Nkunzimana T, Potters G, Materials performance 49, 48 (2010)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Theory of quantum systems and complex systems; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
Impact Factor: 0.149
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“Chemical analysis of 16th to 19th century Limoges School painted enamel objects in three museums of the Low Countries”. van der Linden V, Schalm O, Houbraken J, Thomas M, Meesdom E, Devos A, van Dooren R, Nieuwdorp H, Janssen E, Janssens K, X-ray spectrometry 39, 112 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1207
Abstract: In this study, the results of analysing of a series of 16th-19th century painted enamel objects of the Limoges School currently in collections in three Dutch and Flemish museums by means of portable and micro x-ray fluorescence analysis (PXRF and µ-XRF) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) are presented. The aim of the investigation was the authentication of specific pieces. Therefore, the glass compositions as well as the (glass) colouring agents used by the Limoges' artists were studied as a function of the age of the objects. Due to the evolution of these properties, it is possible to approximately date these objects based on their chemical composition. The complete émail peint collection of the Museum Boijmans-Van Beuningen (Rotterdam, The Netherlands), consisting of 20 émail peint plaques, was analysed with µ-XRF. Quantitative information was obtained by EPMA analysis of 15 enamel fragments of objects from museum and private collections in the Low Countries. PXRF analyses were performed on the painted enamel collection of the Antwerp Vleeshuis Museum (13 objects) and the Mayer van den Bergh Museum (4 objects) and on a set of 18 plaques that were donated to the Boijmans-Van Beuningen Museum by a private collector. The results obtained by means of EPMA, µ-XRF and PXRF proved to be useful in the discrimination of 16th century painted enamel objects from those of the19th century. From a total of 70 objects examined, 2 objects (OM964A and OM993) featured a chemical signature that deviated from the published literature composition and pigment use consistent with its presumed period of manufacture.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.298
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1207
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“James Ensor's pigment use: artistic and material evolution studied by means of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry”. van der Snickt G, Janssens K, Schalm O, Aibéo C, Kloust H, Alfeld M, X-ray spectrometry 39, 103 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1235
Abstract: In this paper, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (PXRF) was employed as a screening tool for determining and comparing the pigment use in a large series of paintings by the Belgian artist James Ensor (1860-1949). Benefits and drawbacks of PXRF as a method, and the instrument employed, are discussed from a practical, conservation and instrumental perspective. Regardless of several restrictions due to the set-up and/or the analytical method, it appeared feasible to document the evolution with time in Ensor's use of inorganic pigments and to correlate this technical evolution with stylistic developments, Nevertheless, it became clear that a full identification of all materials present can only be done by means of the analysis of (cross-sectioned) samples.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 1.298
Times cited: 25
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1235
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“The use of full-field XRF for simultaneous elemental mapping”. Alfeld M, Janssens K, Sasov A, Liu X, Kostenko A, Rickers-Appel K, Falkenberg G, , 111 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3399236
Abstract: The characteristics of a Full-Field X-ray Fluorescence (FF-XRF) set-up for element-specific imaging, installed at the HASYLAB synchrotron radiation source, were determined. A lateral resolution of 10 μm and limits of detection in the percentage range were found. Further potential developments in CCDs available for FF-XRF are discussed and the use of polycapillary lenses as image transfer optics is illustrated in some explorative experiments.
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.3399236
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“The effect of sintering and Pd-doping on the conversion of CO to CO2 on SnO2 gas sensor materials”. Delabie L, Honoré, M, Lenaerts S, Huyberechts G, Roggen J, Maes G, Sensors And Actuators B-Chemical 44, 446 (1997). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(97)00170-6
Abstract: The principal aim of this work is to study the effect of the processes of sintering and Pd doping of SnO2 gas sensor materials on the conversion of CO to CO2. For this purpose, the gas phase above screen printed sensor material is investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, while surface area, porosity and particle size measurements are performed on the SnO2 powders. During sintering, larger agglomerates of primary particles are formed, which results in a larger conversion degree of CO. The effect of Pd doping of the tin dioxide film on the CO conversion is more pronounced. The transformation of CO starts at a lower temperature and the conversion degree increases remarkably.
Keywords: A1 Journal article
Impact Factor: 5.401
DOI: 10.1016/S0925-4005(97)00170-6
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“FT-IR characterization of tin dioxide gas sensor materials under working conditions”. Lenaerts S, Roggen J, Maes G, Spectrochimica acta: part A: molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 51, 883 (1995). http://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(94)01216-4
Abstract: In this work self-supporting tin dioxide disks are characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy in the presence of a reducing gas in air, and in different O2/N2 mixtures at temperatures varying from room temperature up to 450°C. Every factor inducing a change in the oxygen content of the gas atmosphere above the tin dioxide, as for instance a temperature change, a surface reaction or adsorption of another species, induces a broad, intense IR absorption band with discrete weak bands superimposed on it. This broad absorption is assigned to the electronic transition from a native donor level, the oxygen vacancy in the bulk of the domain, to the conduction band of the tin dioxide material. For the interpretation of the narrow, superimposed absorptions, two hypotheses remain. The results demonstrate that FT-IR spectroscopy is an extremely suitable technique for the characterization of semiconducting metal oxide sensors, since it allows to follow in situ the processes in the bulk, at the surface and in the surrounding gas atmosphere of the sensor material at working temperature as well as in the presence of reducing gases in air.
Keywords: A1 Journal article
DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(94)01216-4
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