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“The use of a secondary cathode to analyse solid non-conducting samples with direct current glow discharge mass spectrometry: potential and restrictions”. Schelles W, de Gendt S, Maes K, Van Grieken R, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 355, 858 (1996). http://doi.org/10.1007/S0021663550858
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S0021663550858
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“Sedimentation rate of the floodplain sediments of the Yamuna river basin (tributary of the river Ganges, India) by using <tex>210Pb</tex>, and <tex>137Cs</tex>, techniques”. Saxena DP, Joos P, Van Grieken R, Subramanian V, Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 251, 399 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014821906600
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1023/A:1014821906600
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“Trace analysis of estuarine brown algae by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence”. Sauter L, Van der Ben D, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 8, 159 (1979). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1300080405
Abstract: Brown algae, which are good indicators for estuarine metal pollution, can advantageously be analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The use of thin film samples and samples of intermediate thickness has several advantages over the conventional thick pellet procedure. A quite homogeneous thin target is prepared by suspending 15 mg of dried and ground seaweed powder in bi-distilled water and evaporating the slurry on a 10 cm2 Mylar foil held in a Teflon ring. The effective sample weight in the beam is calculated by a procedure based on the scatter peaks in the spectrum. Sensitivities are typically in the 215 ppm range. The coefficient of variation per analysis averaged over ten elements amounts to 10%. The natural concentration variation in seaweed specimens at one location is 13%. Samples from locations in the more polluted western Scheldt estuary yield significantly higher values for several elements, relative to the eastern Scheldt sites. Possible trace element variations between the top and base of plants, and between different seaweed specimens and sampling seasons, are discussed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1300080405
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Santer R, Schadkowski C, Blanchet A, Saison J-Y, Poinsot C, Ramon D, Roekens E, Verlinden L, Van Grieken R, Stranger M, Mees J (2005) Expositions des populations vivant au cœur de l'Euro-région auz polluants atmosphériques: le cas des poussières fines = Blootstelling van de bevolkingsgroepen wonend in het hart van de Euregio aan polluerende atmosferische deeltjes: het geval van de fijne stofdeeltjes
Keywords: Minutes and reports; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Inorganic deterioration affecting the Altamira Cave, N Spain: quantitative approach to wall-corrosion (solutional etching) processes induced by visitors”. Sánchez-Moral S, Soler V, Cañaveras JC, Sanz-Rubio E, Van Grieken R, Gysels K, The science of the total environment 243/244, 67 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00348-4
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00348-4
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“Wpływ zwiedzajacych na zanieczyszczenia wnetrz muzealnych”. Samek L, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, van Meel K, Kontozova V, Karaszkiewicz P, Wiłkojć E page 209 (2007).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“Badanie składu powietrza w zabytkowych kościołach”. Samek L, Worobiec A, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R, Analytika , 26 (2006)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Studia sezonowych zmian wewnetrznego składu powietrza atmosferycznego w kościołach zabytkowych w kontekście doboru i modyfikacji metod konserwacji obiektów zabytkowych”. Samek L, Worobiec A, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R page 59 (2005).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Speciation of selected metals in aerosol samples by TXRF after sequential leaching”. Samek L, Ostachowicz B, Worobiec A, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 35, 226 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.905
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.905
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“Performance of a new compact EDXRF spectrometer for aerosol analysis”. Samek L, Injuk J, van Espen P, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 31, 84 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.551
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.551
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“The impact of electric overhead radiant heating on the indoor environment of historic churches”. Samek L, de Maeyer-Worobiec A, Spolnik Z, Bencs L, Kontozova V, Bratasz Ł, Kozłowski R, Van Grieken R, Journal of cultural heritage 8, 361 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2007.03.006
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2007.03.006
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“Endolithic cyanobacteria in Maastricht limestone”. Saiz-Jimenez C, Garcia-Rowe J, Garcia Del Cura MA, Ortega-Camvo JJ, Roekens E, Van Grieken R, The science of the total environment 94, 209 (1990). http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90171-P
Abstract: The Maastricht limestone used for the construction of the 14th century O.L. Basilica in Tongeren, Belgium, is a light yellowish, porous, soft rock of the Late Cretaceous age. The limestone has a high carbonate content (> 95%); quartz and glauconite occur rarely. On the north side of the building, there is extensive growth of epilithic algae. On the south side, an assemblage of organisms was observed beneath the abiotic surface. This community, developed as a green layer 1 mm below the surface, is dominated by cyanobacteria. A moss was also present. The organisms were studied by transmitted light, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy, and isolated in cultures. The cyanobacteria belong to the genera Synechococcus and Chroococcidiopsis, and the moss was identified as Tortula muralis Hedw. The organic matter present in the green layer was characterized in terms of molecular components using analytical pyrolysis. Pyrolysis products from polysaccharides and proteins, and evaporation/pyrolysis products from lipids, comprise the vast majority of identified compounds. The identification of specific biomarkers such as 7-methylheptadecane is further evidence of the presence of cyanobacteria. Phytenes and phytadienes are indicative of phototrophic organisms, as they are pyrolysis products from chlorophylls.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90171-P
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“Damages caused to European monuments by air pollution: assessment and preventive measures”. Saiz-Jimenez C, Brimblecombe P, Camuffo D, Lefèvre R-A, Van Grieken R page 91 (2004).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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Saison J-Y, Roekens E, Matheeussen C, Verlinden L, Desmedt M, Van Grieken R, Stranger M (2005) Measurement campaigns in the Euro-region
Keywords: Minutes and reports; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Measuring gaseous and particulate pollutants: instruments and instrumental problems”. Rosenberg E, De Santis F, Kontozova-Deutsch V, Odlyha M, Van Grieken R, Vichi F page 115 (2010).
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“New insights in technology characterization of medieval Valencia glazes”. Romero-Pastor J, Garcia-Porras A, Van Grieken R, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Coll-Conesa J, Cardell C, X-ray spectrometry 44, 426 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.2613
Abstract: This study shows the first Raman microscopy (RM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) characterization of two 14th and 15th century lead-glazed and luster ceramics from the Manises and Paterna workshops (Valencia, Spain) produced after the Aragon Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (14th century). According to experts, these coetaneous ceramics were most probably involved in a process of technological transfer from the Islamic area of Southeast Spain to the Christian area of Valencia (East Spain) at the beginning of the 14th century; later on, the celebrated Manises and Paterna workshops were formed. Although these ceramics have been studied widely in terms of production technology (ceramic body, glazes and luster) using an array of diverse analytical techniques, until now, an RM study has not been carried out. This paper presents results regarding the complex chemical composition of the glaze and luster coloring agents, and the quality of color manufacturing processes, elucidating firing conditions via spectral components analysis (i.e., Q(n) for stretching/bending components) and polymerization index (Ip), emphasizing chronology and pigment technology changes between both Valencian workshops. Coloring agents identified in glazes and lusters were cobalt present in blue glazes, copper in greenish glazes, copper and cobalt in the turquoise glaze, and pyrolusite in black glazes. Tin oxyde was used as an opacifier in white glazes. Two luster manufacture recipes were recognized mainly based on copper and silver compounds. Calculated firing temperatures were up to 1000 degrees C for white glazes and up to 600 degrees C for luster and color glazes. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.2613
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“Compositional and quantitative microtextural characterization of historic paintings by micro-X-ray diffraction and Raman microscopy”. Romero-Pastor J, Duran A, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Van Grieken R, Cardell C, Analytical chemistry 83, 8420 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1021/AC201159E
Abstract: This work shows the benefits of characterizing historic paintings via compositional and microtextural data from micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) combined with molecular information acquired with Raman microscopy (RM) along depth profiles in paint stratigraphies. The novel approach was applied to identify inorganic and organic components from paintings placed at the 14th century Islamic UniversityMadrasah Yusufiyyain Granada (Spain), the only Islamic University still standing from the time of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). The use of μ-XRD to obtain quantitative microtextural information of crystalline phases provided by two-dimensional diffraction patterns to recognize pigments nature and manufacture, and decay processes in complex paint cross sections, has not been reported yet. A simple Nasrid (14th century) palette made of gypsum, vermilion, and azurite mixed with glue was identified in polychromed stuccos. Here also a Christian intervention was found via the use of smalt, barite, hematite, Brunswick green and gold; oil was the binding media employed. On mural paintings and wood ceilings, more complex palettes dated to the 19th century were found, made of gypsum, anhydrite, barite, dolomite, calcite, lead white, hematite, minium, synthetic ultramarine blue, and black carbon. The identified binders were glue, egg yolk, and oil.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1021/AC201159E
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“Atmospheric turbulence triggers pronounced diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry”. Roland M, Serrano-Ortiz P, Kowalski AS, Van Grieken R, Janssens IA, et al, Biogeosciences 10, 5009 (2013). http://doi.org/10.5194/BG-10-5009-2013
Abstract: CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is key to understanding the feedbacks between climate change and the land surface. In regions with carbonaceous parent material, CO2 exchange patterns occur that cannot be explained by biological processes, such as disproportionate outgassing during the daytime or night-time CO2 uptake during periods when all vegetation is senescent. Neither of these phenomena can be attributed to carbonate weathering reactions, since their CO2 exchange rates are too small. Soil ventilation induced by high atmospheric turbulence is found to explain atypical CO2 exchange between carbonaceous systems and the atmosphere. However, by strongly altering subsurface CO2 concentrations, ventilation can be expected to influence carbonate weathering rates. By imposing ventilation-driven CO2 outgassing in a carbonate weathering model, we show here that carbonate geochemistry is accelerated and does play a surprisingly large role in the observed CO2 exchange pattern of a semi-arid ecosystem. We found that by rapidly depleting soil CO2 during the daytime, ventilation disturbs soil carbonate equilibria and therefore strongly magnifies daytime carbonate precipitation and associated CO2 production. At night, ventilation ceases and the depleted CO2 concentrations increase steadily. Dissolution of carbonate is now enhanced, which consumes CO2 and largely compensates for the enhanced daytime carbonate precipitation. This is why only a relatively small effect on global carbonate weathering rates is to be expected. On the short term, however, ventilation has a drastic effect on synoptic carbonate weathering rates, resulting in a pronounced diel pattern that exacerbates the non-biological behavior of soil-atmosphere CO2 exchanges in dry regions with carbonate soils.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO) – Ecology in a time of change; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.5194/BG-10-5009-2013
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“Comparison of 3 dry deposition models applied to field-measurements in the Southern Bight of the North-Sea”. Rojas CM, Van Grieken RE, Laane RW, Atmospheric environment 27, 363 (1993). http://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90110-K
Abstract: Dry deposition velocities have been calculated using three different approaches. Turbulent wind profile theory has been used to predict the drag coefficient, wind speed and friction velocity at 10 m height when the wind speed is measured at a higher altitude. The resulting parameters were introduced in a two-layer deposition model. The second approach was the well-known model of Slinn and Slinn (1980, Atmospheric Environment 14, 1013-1016), whereas the third corresponded to the model published by Williams (1982, Atmospheric Environment 16, 1933 1938). Results point to clear differences. However, in a field experiment carried out at the Southern Bight of the North Sea, all three approaches show relatively comparable results. The role played by the size distribution of atmospheric particulate matter is essential. In our case any of the three models could have given satisfactory outcomes taking into account the wide spread of the experimental results cited in the literature for the same airshed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90110-K
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“Study of the Antarctic aerosol using X-ray fluorescence and single particle analysis”. Rojas CM, Van Grieken RE, Cantillano ME, Scientific series of the Chilean Antarctic Institute (Ser. Cinet. INACH) 42, 37 (1992)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Electron microprobe characterization of individual aerosol particles collected by aircraft above the Southern Bight of the North Sea”. Rojas CM, Van Grieken RE, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 26a, 1231 (1992). http://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90384-W
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90384-W
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“Elemental composition of aircraft-sampled aerosols above the Southern Bight of the North Sea”. Rojas CM, Van Grieken R, Maenhaut W, Water, air and soil pollution 71, 391 (1993). http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00480557
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/BF00480557
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“Dry aerosol deposition over the North Sea estimated from aircraft measurements”. Rojas CM, Otten PM, Van Grieken RE, Laane R page 419 (1991).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Characterization of airborne particulate matter collected over the North Sea”. Rojas CM, Otten PM, Van Grieken RE, Journal of aerosol science 20, 1257 (1989). http://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(89)90811-2
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0021-8502(89)90811-2
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“Atmospheric particulate element concentrations and deposition rates in French Polynesia”. Rojas CM, Injuk J, Van Grieken RE, Maenhaut W, Journal de recherche océanographique 25, 74 (2000)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Dry and wet deposition fluxes of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn into the Southern Bight of the North Sea”. Rojas CM, Injuk J, Van Grieken R, Laane RW, Atmospheric environment: part A : general topics 27, 251 (1993). http://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90355-3
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90355-3
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“Penetration of atmospheric aerosols during collection in cellulose filters, studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry”. Rojas CM, Goossens D, Van Grieken R, Journal of aerosol science 20, 569 (1989). http://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(89)90103-1
Abstract: The penetration of aerosol particles in a Whatman-41 cellulose filter has been studied via the depth profiles of different elements present in the aerosol. Depth profiles were obtained by analyzing both fine and coarse fractions from a dichotomous sampler by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The fine particles had an aerodynamic diameter dae of less than 2.5 μm, whereas the coarse fraction had 2.5 ≤ dae ≤ 15 μm. Elements such as Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Fe were associated with coarse airborne particles, while S, Cl, Zn, and Br were more abundant in the fine fraction. Results showed that particle size plays an important role in the distribution of particulate matter throughout the filter. SiTi-containing particles were mostly deposited near the surface of the filter, and their profiles can be estimated using a polynomial function, whereas the profile of AlCaFe-containing particles can be approached by an exponential decay function. Elements associated with fine fraction aerosols mainly originating from combustion processes, can penetrate up to about 25% of the total filter thickness, and their profiles are better represented by a diffusion function.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0021-8502(89)90103-1
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“The elemental composition of airborne particulate matter in the Atacama desert, Chile”. Rojas CM, Figueroa L, Janssens KH, Van Espen PE, Adams FC, Van Grieken RE, The science of the total environment 91, 251 (1990). http://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90302-B
Abstract: Air particulate samples were collected at Chapiquiña near Arica (Chile) with a six-stage cascade impactor for about 17-day periods during a 31 month interval. Sixteen elements were determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, and the elemental concentrations were subjected to principal factor analysis. The variability with time of the coarse particles was described by two factors both related to soil dispersion, whereas the fine particle variations could be explained by a third factor related to marine influence. Enrichment factors were compared with those obtained in other remote continental areas, in particular those of air particulate matter sampled at Chacaltaya, Bolivia. Results point to a negligible anthropogenic influence.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90302-B
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“Aerosols in Santiago de Chile : a study using receptor modeling with X-ray fluorescence and single particle analysis”. Rojas CM, Artaxo P, Van Grieken R, Atmospheric environment: part B : urban atmosphere 24, 227 (1990). http://doi.org/10.1016/0957-1272(90)90028-S
Abstract: Between 15 January and 26 February 1987, 51 fine and coarse mode aerosol samples were collected at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile Planetarium using a dichotomous sampler. The samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence for up to 17 elements (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb). Aerosol particles were individually studied by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). The data set consisting of aerosol elemental concentrations and meteorological variables was subjected to Principal Factor Analysis (PFA), allowing the identification of six fine mode particle source classes (soil, industrial, sulfate particles, traffic, residual oil, wood-burnings), and five coarse mode particle source classes (soil, industrial, traffic, residual oil, sulfate particles). Both PFA solutions explained about 81 and 90% of the total variance in the data set, respectively. The regression of elemental mass concentrations on the Absolute Principal Factor Scores allowed the estimation of the contribution of the different source classes to the Santiago aerosol. Within the fine fraction, secondary SO42− particles were responsible for about 49% of the fine mode aerosol mass concentration, while 26, 13, 6.4 and 5.6% were attributed to wood-burning/car exhausts, residual oil combustion, soil dust/metallurgical, and soil dust/wood-burning releases, respectively. The coarse fraction source apportionment was mainly dominated by soil dust, accounting for 74% of the coarse mode aerosol mass concentration. A composite of soil dust and industrial release accounted for 13%; a composite of secondary sulfates contributed with 9%; a composite of soil dust and automotive emissions, and secondary sulfates were responsible for 4 and 0.03% of the coarse aerosol mass concentration, respectively. EPMA results are in satisfactory agreement with those from the bulk analysis and allowed the identification of eight particle types in both fine and coarse mode aerosols, pertaining to different source classes, namely soil, seaspray, secondary SO42−, metallurgical emissions and biomass burning release. EPMA also evidenced that one of the most abundant particle types corresponded to marine aerosol, having an average diameter of 0.7 μm for the fine mode and 2.2 μm for the coarse mode aerosol. LAMMA results indicate that, in fact, seaspray has been transported into the city of Santiago de Chile airshed, suffering several transformations and a sulfur enrichment. This analytical technique also provided evidence of the abundance of carbon-rich particles, which were not detected by either the bulk X-ray analysis or EPMA; they are probably due to fossil-fuel combustion releases.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(90)90028-S
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“Effects of titanium dioxide industry waste dumping on sea water chemistry”. Roekens EJ, Van Grieken RE, Water research 17, 1385 (1983). http://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90268-3
Abstract: An investigation was made to determine the influence of the dumping of a 1000 ton day−1, on the average, of acid-iron waste from the titanium dioxide industry into the shallow but turbulent Southern Bight of the North Sea. This waste contains some 20% sulfuric acid and 2% iron. After the passage of the barge that discharges 10 ton of waste min−1 into its wake, the vertical and horizontal distributions of the pH, iron-concentration and turbidity were measured as a function of time. It appeared that a few seconds after the discharge and for a very brief period, the pH was down to approx. 4 and the Fe-concentration was 13 mg l−1. More than 1 min after the discharge a pH below 6 and an iron-level above 3 mg l−1 could not be detected anywhere. The measured factor for waste dilution by sea water, based on the observed acid and iron concentration in the waste and in the discharge track, were around 5000 after 5 min, 9000 after 10 min and 80,000 after 20 min. Before and long after the dumping, the total iron-concentration in this Southern Bight area was around 100 μg l−1, but this high level might be due to natural causes.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(83)90268-3
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