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“Integrated analytical techniques for analysing individual environmental particles”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Potgieter JH page 123 (2012).
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Integrated analytical techniques for the characterisation of environmental particles”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Potgieter JH, Spectroscopy Europe 22, 12 (2010)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Die risikoprofiel van Pb en Cr in stedelike padstof”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Potgieter H, Litnet akademies : 'n joernaal vir die geesteswetenskappe 9, 1 (2012)
Abstract: The risk profile of Cr and Pb in urban road deposited sediment Exponential urbanisation and industrial growth occur on a global scale and result in an ecological burden, of which one important part is pollution. It is well known that the extent of air pollution has escalated over the past two decades in several parts of the world, despite mitigating measures and legislation. Current research points to the fact that air pollution in urban and industrial areas is substantially different from that found in rural areas. Road dust (RD) contributes up to 35% of airborne particulate matter due to resuspension thereof, and poses a health concern due to carcinogenic and toxic components potentially present in the micron-sized fractions. Although literature does report on the concentrations of trace, toxic metals and metalloids present in RD (Hooker and Nathanail 2006), the molecular make-up of particulates generated due to the resuspension of the RD is not well documented. In vitro and animal toxicological studies have confirmed that the chemical composition of inhaled particles plays a major role in its toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms, but the component-specific toxic effects are still not understood. Transition metals binding to air particle matter can result in reactive oxygen species in the human body (particularly in the lungs), and this is a significant risk, especially for vulnerable population groups like elderly people, children and terminally ill patients. The characterisation of the molecular composition of the fine fraction is evidently of importance for public health. During an earlier study, road dust from an inner-city environment in the UK was collected and partially characterised (Barrett e.a. 2010). These same-size fractions were analysed for their elemental concentrations, using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, single-particle analysis was performed on the different fractions by means of Computer Controlled Electron Probe X-ray Micro Analysis (CC-EPXMA) and their molecular structure probed by studying elemental associations. These findings were correlated with Micro Raman Spectroscopy (MRS) results. It was found that the fine fraction (<38 μm) had the highest Pb (238 ppm) and Cr (171 ppm) concentrations. The CC-EPXMA data showed >50% association of Cr-rich particles with Pb and the MRS data showed that the Cr was mostly present as lead chromate and therefore in the Cr(VI) oxidation state. Concentrations of both Pb and Cr decreased substantially (279 (<38 mm) 13 ppm (<1mm); 171 (<38 mm) 91 ppm (<1mm) respectively) in the larger fractions. Apart from rather alarmingly high concentrations of oxidative stressors (Cu, Fe, Mn), the carcinogenic and toxic potential of the inhalable fraction is evident. Preliminary bioaccessibility data indicated that both Cr and Pb are readily
Keywords: A2 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“NO2 verkeersmetingen in Vlaanderen door passieve bemonstering”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Stranger M, Verlinden L, Roekens E, Van Grieken R, Die Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir natuurwetenskap en tegnologie 27, 266 (2008)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Component-specific toxic concerns of the inhalable fraction of urban road dust”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Rotondo G, Novacovic V, Rollins S, Van Grieken R, Environmental geochemistry and health 34, 689 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1007/S10653-012-9488-5
Abstract: Continuous global urbanisation causes an ever-growing ecological footprint of pollution. Road dust (RD), one of these pollutants, poses a health concern due to carcinogenic and toxic components potentially present in the micron-sized fractions. The literature reports on the concentrations of trace, toxic metals and metalloids present in RD (Hooker and Nathanail in Chem Geol 226:340-351, 2006), but the literature on its molecular composition is limited. Recent reports on the bioaccessibility of platinum group metals are also reported (Colombo et al. in Chem Geol 226:340-351, 2008). In vitro and animal toxicological studies confirmed that the chemical composition of inhaled particles plays a major role in its toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms, but the component-specific toxic effects are still not understood. Particle-bound airborne transition metals can also lead to the production of reactive oxygen species in lung tissue; a special concern amongst particularly susceptible cohorts (children and elderly). The characterisation of the molecular composition of the fine fraction is evidently of importance for public health. During a pilot study, partially characterised size-fractioned RD samples (Barrett et al. in Eviron Sci Technol 44:2940-2946, 2010) were analysed for their elemental concentration using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, separately dispersed particles (200 particles per size fraction) were analysed individually by means of computer-controlled electron probe X-ray micro-analysis (CC-EPXMA) and their molecular structure probed by studying elemental associations. These were correlated with micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) results. It was found that the fine fraction (< 38 mu m) had the highest Pb (238 ppm) and Cr (171 ppm) concentrations. The CC-EPXMA data showed > 50 % association of Cr-rich particles with Pb, and the MRS data showed that the Cr was mostly present as lead chromate and therefore in the Cr(VI) oxidation state. Concentrations of both Pb and Cr decreased substantially (279 (< 38 mu m)-13 ppm (< 1 mm); 171 (< 38 mu m)-91 ppm (< 1 mm), respectively) in the larger fractions. Apart from rather alarmingly high concentrations of oxidative stressors (Cu, Fe, Mn), the carcinogenic and toxic potential of the inhalable fraction is evident. Preliminary bioaccessibility data indicated that both Cr and Pb are readily mobilised in artificial lysosomal liquid and up to 19 % of Cr and 47 % of Pb were released.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S10653-012-9488-5
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“Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of coal : a review”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Maledi N, Wagner N, van Heerden JHP, Van Grieken R, Potgieter JH, Journal of Raman spectroscopy 42, 123 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1002/JRS.2636
Abstract: The advances in the characterization of amorphous carbons by Raman spectroscopy over the last four decades are of interest to many industries, especially those involving the combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of coal. Many researchers report on the Raman character of the natural organic matter in carbon-containing compounds, such as coal, and relate the Raman bands to the structural order of the amorphous carbons. The basis of most of these studies evolved around the assignment of the G (graphitic, ∼1580 cm−1) band to crystalline graphite and any other bands, called D bands, (disorder, various from 1100 to 1500 cm−1) to any type of structural disorder in the graphitic structure. Concerning coal analysis, the information gained by Raman investigations has been used to describe char evolution as a function of temperature, the presence of catalysts and different gasification conditions. In addition, researchers looked at maturation, grade, doppleritization and many more aspects of interest. One aspect that has, however, not been addressed by most of the researchers is the natural inorganic matter (NIM) in the carbon-containing compounds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) has many advantages over other characterization tools, i.e. in situ analysis, nondestructive, no sample preparation, low detection limit, micrometer-scale characterization, versatility and sensitivity to many amorphous compounds. With the distinct advantages it has over that of other molecular characterization tools, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray detection (SEM/EDS), it is surprising that it has not yet been fully exploited up to this point for the characterization of the NIM in coal and other amorphous carbons. This paper reviews the work published on the Raman characterization of the natural organic matter (NOM) of coals and reports on preliminary results of the NIM character of various South African coals, whereby various inorganic compounds and minerals in the coal have been characterized.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/JRS.2636
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“Degradation potential of airborne particulate matter at the Alhambra monument : a Raman spectroscopic and electron probe X-ray microanalysis study”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Horemans B, Anaf W, Cardell C, Van Grieken R, Journal of Raman spectroscopy 43, 1570 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1002/JRS.4052
Abstract: It is well known that airborne particulate matter (APM) has an impact on our cultural heritage. A limited number of articles have been published on the sequential application of elemental and molecular techniques to estimate the degradation potential of APM in environments of cultural heritage importance, and most of these were concerned with indoor environments. The Alhambra monument (Granada, Spain) represents one of the grandest and finest examples of Islamic art and architecture from the Middle Ages. As part of an air quality investigation, two sets of APM were collected at the Hall of the Ambassadors and characterised to determine its potential degradation profile. These were analysed by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and electron probe microanalysis with X-ray detection (EPXMA). The Raman data indicated the presence of various mixed salts of acidic and/or hygroscopic nature, such as sodium and ammonium nitrates and sulfates, especially in the finer fraction. Automated EPXMA estimated this fraction to be as high as 50%. Apart from the potential chemical attack, the soiling due to carbonaceous matter deposition is a real concern. Soot was identified by MRS and EPXMA in all size fractions, reaching values of up to 55%, and was often intertwined with soluble inorganic salts. Ongoing degradation of the pigments is implicated by the presence of brightly coloured particles. MRS and molar abundance ternary diagrams elicited the chemical structure of individual APM so that the degradation potential could be established.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/JRS.4052
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“A case study of high-temperature corrosion in rotary cement kilns”. Potgieter JH, Godoi RHM, Van Grieken R, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 104, 603 (2004)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“State-of-the-art and research needs for trace metals”. Playford K, Colin JL, Pacyna JM, Pirrone N, Schulz M, Van Grieken R, Wrembel Z page 7 (1998).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Physico-chemical fate of chromium compounds in the lung sheep model”. Perrault G, Dufresne A, Strati G, McNeil M, Michaud D, Baril M, Bégin R, Labbé, J, Larivière P, Eeckhaoudt S, Van Grieken R, Journal of toxicology and environmental health 44, 247 (1995). http://doi.org/10.1080/15287399509531958
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1080/15287399509531958
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“Les conclusions du programme européen Vidrio sur la protection des vitraux par verrière extérieure”. Pallot-Frossard I, Van Grieken R, Godoi R, Kontozova V, et al, Monumental: revue scientifique et technique , 113 (2007)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Main conclusions from VIDRIO EU research programme on the determination of conditions to prevent weathering of ancient stained glass windows and recommendations for end-users and practitioners”. Pallot-Frossard I, Bernardi A, Van Grieken R, Rölleke S, Verità, M, Rivista della Stazione sperimentale del vetro , 75 (2005)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Characterization of black volcanites from the Limay river basin, Patagonia, Argentina, using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry : an aid to infer human group mobility”. Palacios OM, van Meel K, Van Grieken R, Marcó, P L-M, Vázquez C, Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 298, 1245 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1007/S10967-013-2600-1
Abstract: The investigation of hunter-gatherers archaeological sites in the Limay river basin, Patagonia, Argentina, raised questions concerning the lithic technology. The chemical characterization of artifacts, rocks and possible sources of provenances could help to elucidate the hunter-gatherer mobility. In three archaeological sitesRincón Chico 2 (RCh2/87; 14C 710 ± 60 BP), Cueva Traful I (CTI; 14C 9430 ± 230 BP) and Casa de Piedra de Ortega (CPO; 14C 2840 ± 80 BP), tools and debitage or discarded flakes made in black volcanic rock have been found. Nearby an extensive rock outcrop of black volcanite, Paso Limay quarry (CPL), with similar characteristics was located. Samples coming from these four sites were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. This characterization allowed the geochemical classification of the lithic material and to correlate the samples with the suspected source after a previous statistical analysis. The majority of the samples were classified as dacites and rhyolites. Only samples coming from CPO site, the closest place to CPL were made exclusively with the quarry rocks. A set of five samples from RCh2/87 and two samples from CTI appear to have same chemical composition as CPL in spite of this site is placed in the opposite bank of the Limay river suggesting that hunter-gatherers could accede to the quarry, eventually. Finally, only a set of five samples coming from RCh2/87 and CTI do not group with the quarry. This fact evidences the existence of secondary sources of supply. The information of this research allowed inferring ancient human mobility patterns in the region.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S10967-013-2600-1
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“XRS activities at the Micro &, Trace Analysis Centre (MiTAC), University of Antwerp, Belgium”. Padilla R, Janssens K, van Espen P, Van Grieken R, IAEA XRF newsletter 12, 13 (2006)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
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“Investigation of heavy metal distributions along 15m soil profiles using EDXRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, and ICP-MS techniques”. Ozen SA, Ozkalayci F, Cevik U, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 47, 231 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.2832
Abstract: The research of soil contamination by heavy metal is an important field due to its environmental and health implications. The goal was to study the elemental mobility as a function of depth. For this reason, the distribution of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and Pb) was investigated along soil profiles up to a depth of 15m at 9 sampling sites in the Nilufer industrial district (Bursa, Turkey). Elemental analyses were done with the Epsilon 5 energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipment. Particle analysis was performed with a JEOL scanning electron microscope equipped with a Si(Li) X-ray detector. The crystallographic compositions of oxide compounds in soil samples were identified by a Rigaku X-ray diffraction instrument. Different parameters such as the soil's chemical (mineralogical structure, pH, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (the number of blows, the stiffness index, the liquidity index, the plasticity index, and the water content) were analyzed. To assess the mobility of the heavy metals, diffusion (D) and convection coefficients (?) were calculated with the finite difference method. Convection was determined to dominate the studied region. In addition, the mobility coefficient was determined for each metal. High mobilities were determined for Zn and V, moderate mobilities for Cr, Ni, Cu, and As, and low mobilities were determined for Co and Pb. The results revealed that elements had reached depths of up to 15m, causing irreversible soil contamination that may lead to environmental health issues.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.2832
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“Detection of ammomium compounds at the single particle level”. Otten P, Rajsic S, Van Grieken R, (1987)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Atmosferische fluxen van zware metalen naar de Noordzee”. Otten P, Injuk J, Rojas C, Van Grieken R, Het ingenieursblad 61, 41 (1992)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Atmosferische fluxen van zware metalen naar de Noordzee”. Otten P, Injuk J, Rojas C, Van Grieken R, De ingenieur 5, 32 (1992)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“LAMMA analysis of inorganic ammonium compounds in individual marine aerosol particles”. Otten P, Bruynseels, Van Grieken R, (1986)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Nitric acid interaction with marine aerosols sampled by impaction”. Otten P, Bruynseels F, Van Grieken R, Bulletin des sociétés chimiques belges 95, 447 (1986)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Reaction of marine aerosols with HNO3 vapour studied by single particle analysis”. Otten P, Bruynseels F, Van Grieken R, (1986)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Study of inorganic ammonium compounds in individual marine aerosol particles by laser microprobe mass spectrometry”. Otten P, Bruynseels F, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 195, 117 (1987). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85654-8
Abstract: Ammonia is important in the atmosphere because it neutralizes acidic species. The relative importance of different inorganic ammonium compounds (chloride, nitrate and sulfate) in marine air chemistry was studied by single-particle characterization with the laser microprobe mass analyser. Standard aerosols were generated as a reference for compound identification, based on the fingerprint spectra obtained, and calculation of the relative sensitivity achieved for different ions in a marine aerosol matrix. The relative sensitivity for ammonium was low. Aerosol samples were collected in the Southern Bight of the North Sea under different meteorological conditions and examined for their ammonium compounds. Samples collected during an inversion period with continental influences showed a much higher content in all particles than samples collected under different meteorological conditions, where ammonium was mostly detected in the submicrometer particle-size range.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85654-8
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“Comparison of sediment pollution in the rivers of the Hungarian Upper Tisza Region using non-destructive analytical techniques”. Osán J, Török S, Alföldy B, Alsecz A, Falkenberg G, Baik SY, Van Grieken R, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 62, 123 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAB.2007.02.005
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAB.2007.02.005
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“Light element analysis of individual microparticles using thin-window EPMA”. Osán J, Szalóki I, Ro C-U, Van Grieken R, Microchimica acta 132, 349 (2000). http://doi.org/10.1007/S006040050079
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S006040050079
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“Methodology for light element analysis of individual aerosol particles using thin-window EPMA”. Osán J, Ro C-U, Szalóki I, Worobiec A, de Hoog J, Joos P, Van Grieken R, Journal of aerosol science 31, 765 (2000)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Application of thin-window EPMA to environmental problems in Hungary”. Osán J, Kurunczi S, Török S, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Microchimica acta 139, 111 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1007/S006040200048
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S006040200048
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“X-ray analysis of riverbank sediment of the Tisza (Hungary): identification of particles from a mine pollution event”. Osán J, Kurunczi S, Török S, Van Grieken R, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 57, 413 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00405-0
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00405-0
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“Application of chemometric methods for classification of atmospheric particles based on thin-window electron probe microanalysis data”. Osán J, de Hoog J, Worobiec A, Ro C-U, Oh K-Y, Szalóki I, Van Grieken R, Analytica chimica acta 446, 211 (2001)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Evaluation of energy-dispersive x-ray spectra of low-Z elements from electron-probe microanalysis of individual particles”. Osán J, de Hoog J, van Espen P, Szalóki I, Ro C-U, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 30, 419 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.523
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.523
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“Characterisation of wood combustion particles using electron probe microanalysis”. Osán J, Alföldy B, Török S, Van Grieken R, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 36, 2207 (2002). http://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00153-X
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00153-X
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