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“Fingerprinting of South African ordinary Portland cements, cement blends and mortars for identification purposes: discrimination with starplots and PCA”. Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Potgieter JH, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Marjanovic L, Moeketsi S, Cement and concrete research 37, 834 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2007.02.013
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2007.02.013
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“Preliminary evaluation of micro-Raman spectrometry for the characterization of individual aerosol particles”. Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R, Applied spectroscopy 60, 39 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1366/000370206775382848
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1366/000370206775382848
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“New insights in technology characterization of medieval Valencia glazes”. Romero-Pastor J, Garcia-Porras A, Van Grieken R, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Coll-Conesa J, Cardell C, X-ray spectrometry 44, 426 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.2613
Abstract: This study shows the first Raman microscopy (RM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) characterization of two 14th and 15th century lead-glazed and luster ceramics from the Manises and Paterna workshops (Valencia, Spain) produced after the Aragon Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (14th century). According to experts, these coetaneous ceramics were most probably involved in a process of technological transfer from the Islamic area of Southeast Spain to the Christian area of Valencia (East Spain) at the beginning of the 14th century; later on, the celebrated Manises and Paterna workshops were formed. Although these ceramics have been studied widely in terms of production technology (ceramic body, glazes and luster) using an array of diverse analytical techniques, until now, an RM study has not been carried out. This paper presents results regarding the complex chemical composition of the glaze and luster coloring agents, and the quality of color manufacturing processes, elucidating firing conditions via spectral components analysis (i.e., Q(n) for stretching/bending components) and polymerization index (Ip), emphasizing chronology and pigment technology changes between both Valencian workshops. Coloring agents identified in glazes and lusters were cobalt present in blue glazes, copper in greenish glazes, copper and cobalt in the turquoise glaze, and pyrolusite in black glazes. Tin oxyde was used as an opacifier in white glazes. Two luster manufacture recipes were recognized mainly based on copper and silver compounds. Calculated firing temperatures were up to 1000 degrees C for white glazes and up to 600 degrees C for luster and color glazes. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.2613
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“Characterization of individual soot aggregates from different sources using image analysis”. Smekens A, Godoi RHM, Vervoort M, van Espen P, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R, Journal of atmospheric chemistry 56, 211 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1007/S10874-006-9050-X
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Chemometrics (Mitac 3)
DOI: 10.1007/S10874-006-9050-X
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“Molecular and elemental characterisation of mineral particles by means of parallel micro-Raman spectrometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis”. Stefaniak EA, Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Alsecz A, Török S, Van Grieken R, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 61, 824 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAB.2006.04.009
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SAB.2006.04.009
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“Analysis of indoor gaseous formic and acetic acid, using radial diffusive samplers”. Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Sacco P, Quaglio F, Pagani D, Cocheo C, Godoi AFL, Van Grieken R, Environmental monitoring and assessment 149, 411 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-008-0217-6
Abstract: A diffusive sampling method for the determination of gaseous acetic and formic acids, using a radial symmetry diffusive sampler, has been optimised for a 7-day exposure time in this study. Sampling rate determinations were performed on data obtained from a dynamic exposure chamber, simulating the indoor conditions of an empty, closed, room, at room temperature and minimal wind speed. Analysis has been performed by means of ion chromatography. The sampling rates for formic acid concentrations of 128 ìg m−3 and 1248 ìg m−3 were determined to be 91.2 ± 3.9 ml min−1 and 111.6 ± 2.8 ml min−1, respectively. The acetic acid sampling rate was independent of the concentration in the range 160 ìg m−31564 ìg m−3, and amounted to 97.3 ± 3.1 ml min−1. Experimentally determined sampling rates showed deviations of 3% for acetic acid, and 321% for formic acid, in relation to theoretically derived values. The blank values were as low as 1.69 ± 0.07 ìg for formic acid and 1.21 ± 0.14 ìg for acetic acid, and detection limits lower than 0.5 ìg m−3 could be achieved, which is an improvement of 9899% compared to previously validated diffusive sampling methods. This study describes the first step of an extended validation program in which the applicability of these types of samplers for the measurement of organic acids will be validated and optimised for the environmental conditions typical for museum showcases.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S10661-008-0217-6
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“Characterization of indoor air quality in primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium”. Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R, Indoor air: international journal of indoor quality and climate 18, 454 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0668.2008.00545.X
Abstract: The indoor air quality of 27 primary schools located in the city centre and suburbs of Antwerp, Belgium, was assessed. The primary aim was to obtain correlations between the various pollutant levels. Indoor:outdoor ratios and the building and classroom characteristics of each school were investigated. This paper presents results on indoor and local outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations, its elemental composition in terms of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Al, Si, S, and Cl, and its black smoke content. In addition, indoor and local outdoor levels of the gases NO2, SO2, O3, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene isomers) were determined. Black smoke, NO2, SO2 and O3, occurred at indoor:outdoor ratios below unity, indicating their significant outdoor sources. No linear correlation was established between indoor and outdoor levels for PM2.5 mass concentrations and BTEX; their indoor:outdoor ratios exceeded unity except for benzene. Classroom PM2.5 occurred with a different elemental composition than local outdoor PM2.5. The re-suspension of dust because of room occupation is probably the main contributor for the I/O ratios higher than 1 reported for elements typically constituting dust particles. Finally, increased benzene concentrations were reported for classrooms located at the lower levels.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0668.2008.00545.X
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“Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp, Belgium”. Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R, Environment international 33, 789 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.02.014
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2007.02.014
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“Particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in residences in Antwerp, Belgium”. Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R, The science of the total environment 407, 1182 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2008.10.019
Abstract: This comprehensive study, a first in Flanders, Belgium, aimed at characterizing the residential indoor air quality of subgroups that took part in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS I1991 and ECHRS II1996) questionnaire-based asthma and related illnesses studies. This pilot study aimed at the evaluation of particulate matter and various inorganic gaseous compounds in residences in Antwerp. In addition personal exposure to the gaseous compounds of one individual per residence was assessed. The main objective was to obtain some base-line pollutant levels and compare these with studies performed in other cities, to estimate the indoor air quality in residences in Antwerp. Correlations between the various pollutant levels, indoor:outdoor ratios and the micro-environments of each residence were investigated. This paper presents results on indoor and ambient PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations, its elemental composition in terms of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Al, Si, S and Cl and the water-soluble ionic concentrations in terms of SO42−, NO32−, Cl−, NH4+ K+, Ca2+. In addition, indoor, ambient and personal exposure levels of the gases NO2, SO2, and O3 were determined. Elevated indoor:outdoor ratios were found for NO2 in residences containing gas stoves. In smoker's houses increased PM concentrations of 58 and 43% were found for the fine and coarse fractions respectively. Contrary to the fact that all I/O ratios of the registered elements in each individual house were significantly correlated to each other, no correlation could be established between the I/O ratios of the different houses, thus indicating a unique micro-environment for each residence. Linear relationships between the particulate matter elemental composition, SO2 and O3 levels indoors and outdoors could be established. No linear relationships between indoor and outdoor NO2 and particulate mass concentrations were found.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2008.10.019
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“Integration of analysis techniques of different scales using X ray induced and electron induced X ray spectrometry for applications in preventive conservation and environmental monitoring”. Van Grieken R, Darchuk L, Kontozova V, Potgieter-Vermaak S, van Meel K, Stefaniak E, Worobiec A page 53 (2011).
Abstract: In the past years, and also within the framework of this CRP, we have used a combination of several nuclear and non-nuclear techniques in fundamental research and especially in various applications. Most work has been done with energy-dispersive X ray fluorescence in combination with electron probe X ray microanalysis, but several other more common analysis techniques have been used as well. The applications have included mostly preventive conservation (e.g. characterisation of damaging atmospheric particles in many museums) and environmental monitoring (e.g. for atmospheric particles in relation to their health effects in outdoor and especially indoor environments). Fundamental aspects have been in the optimising of interfaced electron microprobe and Raman microprobe analysis and the evaluation of the potential of such an instrument for atmospheric aerosols; quite a few unexpected and unpredicted problems have appeared in the latter study.
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“X ray fluorescence in member states: Belgium: integration of analysis techniques of different scales using X ray induced and electron induced X ray spectrometry for applications in preventive conservation and environmental monitoring”. Van Grieken R, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Darchuk L, Worobiec A, XRF newsletter , 9 (2009)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
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“Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles: fundamental and practical challenges”. Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Brooker A, Darchuk L, Stefaniak E, Van Grieken R, Microchemical journal 94, 65 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICROC.2009.09.003
Abstract: The molecular character of atmospheric particulate matter is of prime importance when interpreting air pollution trends and its subsequent influence on environmental monitoring and preventative conservation. The known methods of estimating the molecular composition normally involve elemental analysis of particles (both as bulk and computer controlled analyses of single particles) with subsequent multivariate analyses to clusterise the elements in groups of elements that are closely related to each other. With this approach one can at best suggest associations. Evidently the application of molecular spectroscopy in addition to elemental concentration profiles would provide intimate information regarding the nature of the particles and consequently their fate. This paper gives an overview of research performed in our laboratory and describes the optimisation of experimental parameters to use scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray detection (SEM/EDX) or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) in parallel with micro-Raman Spectrometry (MRS) to investigate single environmental particles. The challenges associated with the two stand-alone techniques are revealed and consequently those posed with an interfaced approach are discussed. Preliminary results, of an initial investigation of the SEM/EDX interfaced with MRS to ultra-fine heterogeneous environmental particles, are given.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.MICROC.2009.09.003
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“Behavior of semi-volatile particles under a laser and electron beam: influence on the quality of analytical results”. Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Darchuk L, Vishnyakov V, Potgieter H, Van Grieken R, AIP conference proceedings 1267, 523 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3482653
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1063/1.3482653
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“Air particulate emissions in developing countries : a case study in South Africa”. Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Berghmans P, Winkler H, Burger R, Van Grieken R, Analytical letters 44, 1907 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2010.539734
Abstract: Atmospheric aerosols were collected during the winter in Bethlehem, South Africa. The particulate mass concentrations, ambient carbon mass concentrations, and chemical composition of various particulate fractions showed that the area is highly polluted. The fine particle mass concentrations peaked at 1000 µg/m3 for PM2.5. Ambient carbon mass concentrations ranged from 20 to 40 µg/m3. Single particle analysis confirmed that the fine particle fraction was dominated by organic particles. The topographical conditions, causing a low inversion, together with the high amounts of emissions from biomass burning, result in unacceptable levels of air pollution and pose a considerable health threat to the population.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.539734
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“Comprehensive microanalytical study of welding aerosols with x-ray and Raman based methods”. Worobiec A, Stefaniak EA, Kiro S, Oprya M, Bekshaev A, Spolnik Z, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Ennan A, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 36, 328 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.979
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.979
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“Characterisation of concentrates of heavy mineral sands by micro-Raman spectrometry and CC-SEM/EDX with HCA”. Worobiec A, Stefaniak EA, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Sawlowicz Z, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R, Applied geochemistry 22, 2078 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2007.05.003
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2007.05.003
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