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Author  |
Worobiec, A.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Brooker, A.; Darchuk, L.; Stefaniak, E.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles: fundamental and practical challenges |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
65-72 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
The molecular character of atmospheric particulate matter is of prime importance when interpreting air pollution trends and its subsequent influence on environmental monitoring and preventative conservation. The known methods of estimating the molecular composition normally involve elemental analysis of particles (both as bulk and computer controlled analyses of single particles) with subsequent multivariate analyses to clusterise the elements in groups of elements that are closely related to each other. With this approach one can at best suggest associations. Evidently the application of molecular spectroscopy in addition to elemental concentration profiles would provide intimate information regarding the nature of the particles and consequently their fate. This paper gives an overview of research performed in our laboratory and describes the optimisation of experimental parameters to use scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray detection (SEM/EDX) or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) in parallel with micro-Raman Spectrometry (MRS) to investigate single environmental particles. The challenges associated with the two stand-alone techniques are revealed and consequently those posed with an interfaced approach are discussed. Preliminary results, of an initial investigation of the SEM/EDX interfaced with MRS to ultra-fine heterogeneous environmental particles, are given. |
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Wos |
000273238800011 |
Publication Date |
2009-09-10 |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:79801 |
Serial |
8114 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Darchuk, L.; Vishnyakov, V.; Potgieter, H.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Behavior of semi-volatile particles under a laser and electron beam: influence on the quality of analytical results |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
AIP conference proceedings |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
1267 |
Issue |
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Pages |
523-524 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Wos |
000281210900279 |
Publication Date |
2010-08-05 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0094-243x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:84573 |
Serial |
7553 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Berghmans, P.; Winkler, H.; Burger, R.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Air particulate emissions in developing countries : a case study in South Africa |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Analytical letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1907-1924 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
Atmospheric aerosols were collected during the winter in Bethlehem, South Africa. The particulate mass concentrations, ambient carbon mass concentrations, and chemical composition of various particulate fractions showed that the area is highly polluted. The fine particle mass concentrations peaked at 1000 µg/m3 for PM2.5. Ambient carbon mass concentrations ranged from 20 to 40 µg/m3. Single particle analysis confirmed that the fine particle fraction was dominated by organic particles. The topographical conditions, causing a low inversion, together with the high amounts of emissions from biomass burning, result in unacceptable levels of air pollution and pose a considerable health threat to the population. |
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Wos |
000294602300006 |
Publication Date |
2011-08-12 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-2719 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:91079 |
Serial |
7429 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Samek, J.; Krata, A.; van Meel, K.; Krupińska, B.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Karaszkiewicz, P.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Transport and deposition of airborne pollutants in exhibition areas located in historical buildings: study in Wawel Castle Museum in Cracow, Poland |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Journal of cultural heritage |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
354-359 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
Historical buildings and castles that have been turned nowadays into museums, as an exhibition area for precious cultural heritage (CH) items, need more attention since they are CH objects by themselves. Moreover, the preservation techniques require often, significant interventions; however such changes are not always possible or are very limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of outdoor air pollution on the composition of particulate matter and gases inside the museum of Wawel Castle in Cracow, Poland. During this study a combination of micro and trace analysis techniques were applied, including energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). An intensive transport of air pollutants coupled with accumulation of the particles inside the museum was noticed (considerably higher in winter than summer). A high content of carbon and organic matter agglomerated with inorganic particles was determined. Those particles are of special concern because of their adhesive properties and reactivity. It was also noted that the conditions inside the museum favour the reaction of the particles with gaseous pollutants. It was especially the case for nitrate particles. |
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Wos |
000279867800017 |
Publication Date |
2010-03-25 |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1296-2074 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:83277 |
Serial |
8698 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Samek, L.; Karaszkiewicz, P.; Kontozova-Deutsch, V.; Stefaniak, E.A.; van Meel, K.; Krata, A.; Bencs, L.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
A seasonal study of atmospheric conditions influenced by the intensive tourist flow in the Royal Museum of Wawel Castle in Cracow, Poland |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Microchemical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
90 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
99-106 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
Increasingmass tourismcan generate importantmicroclimatic perturbations and also elevate indoor pollution by the transport of fine particulatematter. The purpose of this researchwas to study the indoor air conditions in the RoyalMuseum ofWawel Castle in Cracow, Poland, displaying amongst other valuable works of art also a unique collection of Flemish tapestries. The investigation involved in the determination of transport and deposition of particulate matter brought in by visitors. The microclimate inside the exhibition rooms was also monitored. Samples of suspended particulateswere collected inside and outside themuseuminwinterand summer2006.On days with intensive tourist visits the concentration of total suspended particulates was significantly higher (i.e., 130 µg/m3 inwinter and 49 µg/m3 in summer) than on those days without tourists (i.e., 73 µg/m3 and 22 µg/m3 in winter and summer, respectively). The concentrations of all investigated elementswere also considerably higher during the tourist flow. This was especially valid for soil dust associated elements (Si, K, Ca, Al, and Ti), with considerably higher levels in summer than winter. This could be linked with much more frequent tourist activity in the summer period. Also, the concentration of Clwasmuch higher inwinter than summer, due to the use of deicing salts on the roads and pavements. |
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Wos |
000261084200003 |
Publication Date |
2008-04-27 |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-265x; 0026-265x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:70988 |
Serial |
8500 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Samek, L.; Spolnik, Z.; Kontozova, V.; Stefaniak, E.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Study of the winter and summer changes of the air composition in the church of Szalowa, Poland, related to conservation |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Microchimica acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
156 |
Issue |
3/4 |
Pages |
253-261 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
The St. Michael Archangel's Church in Szalowa, Poland, was selected for closer investigation with respect to the indoor/outdoor air exchange and its influence on the air quality and work arts preservation. Chemical composition, size and abundance of particulate matter and concentration of gases NO2, SO2, O-3 inside and outside the church were determined. To study seasonal variation of the weather condition (temperature, inversion level, wind direction) and the influence of seasonal sources of the air pollution (like heating of the nearby houses), samples were collected in winter and summer time. It was stated that suspended particulate matter inside the wooden church has in general an outdoor source. Several groups of particles were distinguished such as the organic ones, soil dust, nitrates and sulphates. In case of organic and soil dust particles, the concentration inside was higher than outside. From the results, in comparison to literature data, one can conclude that accumulation of particulate suspended matter in the church is more intense than in other types of buildings. Gaseous pollutants were detected but their concentration was negligible. |
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Wos |
000242830500007 |
Publication Date |
2006-06-05 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0026-3672; 1436-5073 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:61091 |
Serial |
8609 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Kiro, S.; Oprya, M.; Bekshaev, A.; Spolnik, Z.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S.; Ennan, A.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Comprehensive microanalytical study of welding aerosols with x-ray and Raman based methods |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
X-ray spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
328-335 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
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Wos |
000249961800008 |
Publication Date |
2007-07-16 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0049-8246 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:65370 |
Serial |
7718 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Kontozova, V.; Samek, L.; Karaszkiewicz, P.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Characterisation of individual atmospheric particles within the Royal Museum of the Wawel Castle in Cracow, Poland |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
e-Preservation Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
63-68 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1854-3928 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:62283 |
Serial |
7598 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Potgieter-Vermaak, S.; Sawlowicz, Z.; Spolnik, Z.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Characterisation of concentrates of heavy mineral sands by micro-Raman spectrometry and CC-SEM/EDX with HCA |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Applied geochemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
2078-2085 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
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Wos |
000249906600017 |
Publication Date |
2007-06-06 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0883-2927 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:65011 |
Serial |
7594 |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Szalóki, I.; Osán, J.; Maenhaut, W.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Characterisation of Amazon Basin aerosols at the individual particle level by X-ray microanalytical techniques |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Atmospheric environment : an international journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
39 |
Pages |
9217-9230 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
000252260400031 |
Publication Date |
2007-08-09 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1352-2310 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:65964 |
Serial |
7593 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Worobiec, A.; Zwozdziak, A.; Sówka, I.; Zwozdziak, J.; Stefaniak, E.A.; Buczyńska, A.; Krata, A.; van Meel, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Górka, M.; Jedrysek, M.-O. |
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Title |
Historical changes in air pollution in the tri-border region of Poland, Czech Republic and Germany |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Environment protection engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
81-90 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP) |
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Abstract |
In this study, we show the trends in the concentration Of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) in two health resorts, located in the tri-border region of Poland, Germany and Czech Republic. We analyze the annual time series and the seasonal variability of PM concentration for the months of July and February over the period of 1996-2007. Additionally, in July 2006, we measured the mean 24-hour concentration of PM and the content of heavy metals (by EDXRF analysis). We prove that nowadays air pollution in this region has diminished to a large extent as compared to the 90s of the last century. In Cieplice, the local influence is still evident; while Czerniawa is exposed to a periodical advection of polluted air from regional sources. |
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Wos |
000262019500010 |
Publication Date |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0324-8828 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:72491 |
Serial |
8044 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Wouters, L.; Artaxo, P.; Van Grieken, R. |
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Title |
Laser microprobe mass analysis of individual Antarctic aerosol particles |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
International journal of environmental analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
38 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
427-438 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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Abstract |
Individual Antarctic aerosol particles in the 0.54 μm aerodynamic diameter range were analyzed using laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). As they were sampled near the ocean, the great majority consists of seasalt, transformed to various degrees in the atmosphere. Major alterations include the association of an excess sulfate and methane sulfonate with these particles. Sulfate-rich particles containing little or no chloride were found mostly in the smallest size fraction (0.51 μm), where they account for some 5% of all particles: they are most likely highly transformed seasalt. Aluminosilicates, on the other hand, only appear among the coarser particles: they represent 2% of the particulates in the 24 μm range. The remainder of the aerosol consists of organic, Fe-rich, K-rich and Zn-rich particles. The latter groups have very low abundances: always less than 1% of the population of the impactor stage(s) onto which they were collected. |
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Place of Publication |
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Wos |
A1990CN56100011 |
Publication Date |
2007-07-07 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0306-7319 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:116580 |
Serial |
8160 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wouters, L.; Bernard, P.; Van Grieken, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Characterization of individual estuarine and marine particles by LAMMA and EPXMA |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
International journal of environmental analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
34 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-29 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
|
| |
Abstract |
Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) was applied to particulate matter from the Atlantic Ocean. Inferring information about the surface layer by LAMMA was not probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). Geochemically relevant groups of particles had been identified by EPXMA and cluster analysis. For both locations, the most abundant ones appeared to be those rich in silicon and the alumino-silicates. Afterwards LAMMA was applied to obtain more information about the trace element composition and surface characteristics. The iron-rich phase appeared to contain significant amounts of heavy metals and of phosphate. Lead appeared to be associated in detectable amounts with alumino-silicates in the Scheldt but not with those in the Atlantic Ocean. Inferring information about the surface layer by LAMMA was not always unambiguous. |
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| |
Address |
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| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
A1988Q274200002 |
Publication Date |
2007-07-07 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0306-7319 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:116577 |
Serial |
7624 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wouters, L.; Michaud, D.; Van Grieken, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Computer aided processing of laser microprobe mass spectra |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Microchimica acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
110 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
31-40 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
|
| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
A1993KU57100004 |
Publication Date |
2005-02-26 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0026-3672; 1436-5073 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:6240 |
Serial |
7720 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wouters, L.C.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Linton, R.W.; Bauer, C.F. |
|
| |
Title |
Discrimination between coprecipitated and adsorbed lead on individual calcite particles using laser microprobe mass analysis |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
60 |
Issue |
20 |
Pages |
2218-2220 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
|
| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
A1988Q513900012 |
Publication Date |
2005-03-08 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0003-2700; 5206-882x |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:116526 |
Serial |
7813 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wu, S.; van Daele, A.; Jacob, W.; Gijbels, R.; Verbeeck, A.; de Keyzer, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Microanalysis of individual silver halide microcrystals |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Scanning microscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
17-24 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
|
| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
Chicago, Ill. |
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
A1993LA65400003 |
Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0891-7035 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
7 |
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER 16/67 Q1 # |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:6143 |
Serial |
2024 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wu, S.; van Daele, A.; Jacob, W.; Gijbels, R.; Verbeeck, A.; de Keyzer, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Microanalysis of individual silver halide microcrystals |
Type |
P3 Proceeding |
| |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
1612-1613 |
|
| |
Keywords |
P3 Proceeding; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
|
| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
San Francisco Press |
Place of Publication |
San Francisco, Calif. |
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
|
Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER 16/67 Q1 # |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:4203 |
Serial |
2025 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wu, S.; van Daele, A.; Jacob, W.; Gijbels, R.; Verbeeck, A.; de Keyzer, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Structural analysis of silver halide cubic microcrystals with epitaxial or conversion growths by STEM-EDX |
Type |
A3 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Mikrochimica acta: supplementum |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
261-268 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A3 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
|
| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
Wien |
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
|
Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0076-8642 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
PHYSICS, APPLIED 28/145 Q1 # |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:3734 |
Serial |
3188 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wu, X.; Ding, J.; Cui, W.; Lin, W.; Xue, Z.; Yang, Z.; Liu, J.; Nie, X.; Zhu, W.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Sang, X. |
|
| |
Title |
Enhanced electrical properties of Bi2-xSbxTe3 nanoflake thin films through interface engineering |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
2024 |
Publication |
Energy & environment materials |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
e12755-8 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) |
|
| |
Abstract |
The structure-property relationship at interfaces is difficult to probe for thermoelectric materials with a complex interfacial microstructure. Designing thermoelectric materials with a simple, structurally-uniform interface provides a facile way to understand how these interfaces influence the transport properties. Here, we synthesized Bi2-xSbxTe3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4) nanoflakes using a hydrothermal method, and prepared Bi2-xSbxTe3 thin films with predominantly (0001) interfaces by stacking the nanoflakes through spin coating. The influence of the annealing temperature and Sb content on the (0001) interface structure was systematically investigated at atomic scale using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Annealing and Sb doping facilitate atom diffusion and migration between adjacent nanoflakes along the (0001) interface. As such it enhances interfacial connectivity and improves the electrical transport properties. Interfac reactions create new interfaces that increase the scattering and the Seebeck coefficient. Due to the simultaneous optimization of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, the maximum power factor of the Bi1.8Sb0.2Te3 nanoflake films reaches 1.72 mW m(-1) K-2, which is 43% higher than that of a pure Bi2Te3 thin film. |
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| |
Address |
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| |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Wos |
001204495900001 |
Publication Date |
2024-04-18 |
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| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:205438 |
Serial |
9148 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xhoffer, C.; Jacob, W.; Van Grieken, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Application of electron energy loss spectroscopy to aerosols |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Journal of aerosol science |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
20 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1617-1619 |
|
| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
|
| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
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| |
Language |
|
Wos |
A1989CN23100191 |
Publication Date |
2003-08-06 |
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0021-8502; 1879-1964 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:116820 |
Serial |
7472 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xhoffer, C.; Jacob, W.; Van Grieken, R.; Broekaert, J.A.C.; Buseck, P. |
|
| |
Title |
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and its application to individual particle analysis |
Type |
P3 Proceeding |
| |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
|
| |
Keywords |
P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
|
|
| |
Address |
|
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| |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
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| |
Language |
|
Wos |
|
Publication Date |
|
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| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:2862 |
Serial |
7868 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xhoffer, C.; Van Grieken, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Environmental aerosol characterization by single particle analysis techniques |
Type |
H3 Book chapter |
| |
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
207-245
T2 - Environmental particles; 2 / Buffle, |
|
| |
Keywords |
H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
|
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| |
Address |
|
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| |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| |
Language |
|
Wos |
|
Publication Date |
|
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| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:6267 |
Serial |
7926 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xhoffer, C.; Wouters, L.; Artaxo, P.; van Put, A.; Van Grieken, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Characterization of individual environmental particles by beam techniques |
Type |
H3 Book chapter |
| |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
107-143
T2 - Environmental particles, volume 1 / B |
|
| |
Keywords |
H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
|
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| |
Address |
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| |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| |
Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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| |
Language |
|
Wos |
|
Publication Date |
|
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| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
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| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
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| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:2853 |
Serial |
7623 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xhoffer, C.; Wouters, L.; Van Grieken, R. |
|
| |
Title |
Characterization of individual particles in the North Sea surface microlayer and underlying seawater: comparison with atmospheric particles |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Environmental science and technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
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| |
Volume |
26 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
2151-2162 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation) |
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| |
Abstract |
|
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| |
Address |
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| |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
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| |
Language |
|
Wos |
A1992JV98900019 |
Publication Date |
2005-03-17 |
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| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
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| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0013-936x; 1520-5851 |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:2841 |
Serial |
7627 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xiao, Y. |
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| |
Title |
Theoretical study of the optoelectronic properties of new type 2DEG materials : multilayer graphene and monolayer MoS2 |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
| |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
144 p. |
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| |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT) |
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| |
Abstract |
|
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| |
Address |
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| |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
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| |
Language |
|
Wos |
|
Publication Date |
|
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| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
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| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record |
|
| |
Impact Factor |
|
Times cited |
|
Open Access |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:144948 |
Serial |
8661 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Xie, Y. |
|
| |
Title |
Bioreactor strategies for sustainable nitrogen cycling based on mineralization/nitrification, partial nitritation/anammox or sulfur-based denitratation |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
| |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
iv, 205 p. |
|
| |
Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL) |
|
| |
Abstract |
In the biogeochemical flows on Earth, the reactive nitrogen (Nr) level has three times surpassed the safe boundary. The severe transgression of this boundary goes against sustainable planetary development. The modern food production process excessively relies on synthetic Nr fertilizers from the Haber– Bosch process. However, the massive loss of valuable nitrogen resources (i.e., 78-89%) from agriculture has been causing severe nitrogen cascade. Besides, the domestic wastewater in some local areas is discharged without proper treatment, making it a nonnegligible source of Nr pollution for local water bodies. Anthropogenic activities keep pumping out Nr pollution via point-source and non-point-source (NPS) emissions. Compared to the NPS emissions, point sources give visible and identified waste streams. It is vital to intervene the nitrogen cascade from point sources and facilitate humanity back to the safe Nr boundary. The collected and collectible Nr streams from food production, waste management, and recycling secondary raw materials can be used as waste-based fertilizers for agricultural cultivation. Besides the well-investigated recovery of inorganic Nr, organic Nr accounts for a massive Nr proportion on the Earth. Proper handling and treatment make these useful organic fertilizers for soil-based cultivation. However, these organic Nr fertilizers cannot directly apply to fertigation or hydroponic cultivation systems, and further biological conversion via nitrogen mineralization and nitrification to nitrate is essential. Besides the direct Nr cycling, the indirect Nr cycling ‘over the atmosphere’ should also be considered. In this way, the nitrogen cycle can be completed via converting the waste Nr back to nitrogen gas (i.e., Nr removal) and then synthesizing into Nr again. The municipal wastewater treatment plants receive a vast amount of low-strength Nr wastewater (mainly as ammonium) daily. Compared to the conventional nitrification/denitrification process, partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) is considered a resource- and cost-effective technology for wastewater with a low COD/N ratio. Moreover, the novel autotrophic denitratation/anammox process could be a good Nr removal process for wastewater containing both ammonium and nitrate. This Ph.D. thesis aimed to develop Nr recovery, conversion, and removal bioreactor strategies for different types of waste streams and biomass. Nr recovery was investigated on high-strength Nr waste streams for fertigation or hydroponic applications in Chapters 2 and 3. On the other hand, Nr removal was studied on the medium- to low-strength Nr waste streams in Chapters 4 and 5. In Chapter 2, a novel mineralization and nitrification system was proposed, producing nutrient solutions from solid organic fertilizers for hydroponic systems. Batch tests showed that aerobic incubation at 35°C could realize the NO₃⁻-N production efficiency above 90% from a novel microbial fertilizer. Subsequently, in the stirred tank bioreactor test, NO₃⁻-N production efficiency stabilized in a range of 44-51% under the influent loading rate of 400 mg TN L⁻¹ d⁻¹ at a 5-day HRT. Using Ca(OH)₂ and Mg(OH)₂ as pH control reagents generated the nutrient solutions with different P, Ca, and Mg nutrient levels. After modeling the nutrient balancing process, the proportion of organic-sourced NO₃⁻-N in the Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS) of Ca(OH)₂ scenario was 92.7%, while only 37.4% in the Mg(OH)₂ scenario. Compared to commercial scenarios, the total costs of the organic-sourced HNS can be cost-competitive for hydroponic cultivation. In Chapter 3, the Nr recovery as nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) from diluted human urine (around 670 mg N L⁻¹) was explored in a trickling filter (TF) for the first time. A novel concept of in-situ integrating the TF system into hydroponic systems was proposed as meaningful progress towards sustainable agriculture. The difference between synthetic and real urine in nitrification efficiency was found to be negligible. The full nitrification of alkalinized real urine was realized in the pH-controlled TF by calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) at around pH 6. The TF could handle different urine collection batches and maintain relatively stable nitrification performance, with NO₃⁻-N production efficiency and rate of 88±3% and 136±4 mg N L⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. The optimal HLR to realize this nitrification performance was 2 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹, with energy consumption of 1.8 kWh electricity kg⁻¹ NO₃⁻-N production. Ca(OH)₂, as a cheap base, its triple advantages on urine alkalinization, full nitrification, and macronutrient supplementation were successfully demonstrated in our proposed concept. In Chapter 4, towards more sustainable wastewater treatment, the feasibility of one-stage partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) was investigated in three parallel packed-bed trickling filters (TFs), with three types of carrier materials of different specific surface areas. Synthetic wastewater containing 100-250 mg NH₄⁺-N L⁻¹ was tested to mimic medium-strength household waste streams after carbon removal. Interestingly, the cheap carrier based on expanded clay achieved similar rates as commercially used plastic carrier materials. The top passive ventilation combined with an optimum hydraulic loading rate of 1.8 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹ could reach approximately 60% total nitrogen (TN) removal at a rate of 300 mg N L⁻¹ d⁻¹. A relatively low NO₃⁻-N production (13%) via PN/A was achieved in TFs. Most of the TN removal took place in the top compartment, where anammox activity was the highest. Energy consumption estimation (0.78 kWh electricity g⁻¹ N removed) suggested that the proposed process could be a suitable low-cost alternative for nitrogen removal. In Chapter 5, coupling sulfur-driven denitratation (SDN) with anammox was proposed to treat the wastewater containing both NO₃⁻-N and NH₄⁺-N, like the secondary effluents of mainstream PN/A processes. To explore the feasibility of sufficient and stable NO₂⁻-N accumulation via SDN in the long term, the effects of pH setpoints, residual NO₃⁻-N level, and biomass-specific NO₃⁻-N loading rate (BSNLR) were investigated. Alternating the pH setpoints between 7.0 and 8.5 could temporarily stimulate the NO₂⁻-N accumulation. Both the residual NO₃⁻-N and BSNLR showed highly positive correlations with the NO₂⁻-N accumulation efficiency. Under the control of pH 8.5, 1.0±0.8 mg NO₃⁻-N L⁻¹ and 150±42 mg NO₃⁻-N g⁻¹ VSS d⁻¹, SDN could produce 6.4±1.0 mg NO₂⁻-N L⁻¹ in the short term. Thiobacillus members may play a crucial role in managing the NO₂⁻-N accumulation, but the reduction of abundance and possible adaptation significantly impaired the efficacy of control strategies in the long run. Overall, novel technologies have been proposed to sustainably convert Nr in waste streams and biomass. The decision for Nr recovery versus removal and synthesis should be based on specific cases with the best environmental, economic, and human-health sustainability. In the future, the Nr management concepts should be further improved to make the nitrogen cycle more sustainable with higher resource use efficiency and less Nr emissions to the environment. Although the thesis is mainly focused on limited types of Nr waste streams, it pointed out the direction of sustainable Nr management and could facilitate the Nr back to the safe boundary in the long run. |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:182099 |
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7563 |
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Xu, W. |
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Plasma-catalytic DRM : study of LDH derived catalyst for DRM in a GAP plasma system |
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Doctoral thesis |
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2023 |
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350 p. |
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Doctoral thesis; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA); Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Plasma is considered one of the promising technologies to solve greenhouse gas problems, as it can activate CO2 and CH4 at relatively low temperatures. Among the various types of plasmas, the gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) is promising, as it has a high level of non-equilibrium and high electron density. Nevertheless, the conversion of CO2 and CH4 in the GAP reactor is limited. Therefore, combining the GAP reactor with catalysts and making use of the heat produced by the plasma to provide thermal energy to the catalyst, forming a post-plasma catalytic (PPC) system, is hypothesized to improve its performance. Therefore, in this PhD research, we investigate important aspects of the PPC concept towards the use of the heat produced by GAP plasma to heat the plasma bed, without additional energy input. Aiming at this, based on a literature study (chapter 1), Ni-loaded layered double hydroxide (LDH) derived catalyst with good thermal catalytic DRM performance were chosen as the catalyst material. Before applying the LDH as a support material, the rehydration property of calcined LDH in moist and liquid environment was studied as part of chapter 2. The data indicated that after high temperatures calcination (600-900 C), the obtained layered double oxides (LDOs) can rehydrate into LDH, although, the rehydrated LDH were different from the original LDH. In chapter 3, different operating conditions, such as gas flow rate, gas compositions (e.g. CH4/CO2 ratio and nitrogen dilution), and addition of H2O were studied to investigate optimal conditions for PPC DRM, identifying possible differences in temperature profiles and exhaust gas compositions that might influence the catalytic performance. Subsequently, the impact of different PPC configurations, making use of the heat and exhaust gas composition produced by the GAP plasma, is shown in Chapter 4. Experiments studying the impact of adjusting the catalyst bed distance to the post-plasma, the catalyst amount, the influence of external heating (below 250 C) and the addition of H2O are discussed. As only limited improvement in the performance was achieved, a new type of catalyst bed was designed and utilized, as described in chapter 5. This improved configuration can realize better heat and mass transfer by directly connecting to the GAP device. The performance was improved and became comparable to the traditional thermal catalytic DRM results obtained at 800 C, although obtained by a fully electrically driven plasma. |
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UA @ admin @ c:irua:201534 |
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9074 |
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Xu, W.; Leadley, D.R.; Peeters, F.M.; Devreese, J.T.; Nicholas, R.J.; Harris, J.J.; Foxon, C.T. |
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Destruction of magnetophonon resonance in high mobility heterojunctions from competition between elastic and inelastic scattering |
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1994 |
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Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors |
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22 |
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839-842 |
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P3 Proceeding; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Theory of quantum systems and complex systems |
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0000-00-00 |
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UA @ lucian @ c:irua:9284 |
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665 |
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Xu, W.; Peeters, F.M.; Devreese, J.T. |
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The hot electron distribution of two-dimensional electrons in a polar semiconductor at zero temperature |
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1991 |
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Journal of physics: C: condensed matter |
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3 |
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1783-1791 |
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A3 Journal article; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Theory of quantum systems and complex systems |
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A1991FE35700009 |
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1 |
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UA @ lucian @ c:irua:948 |
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1490 |
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Xu, W.; Vasilopoulos, P.; Das, M.P.; Peeters, F.M. |
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Self-consistent g* factor and spin-split Landau levels in strong magnetic fields and at low temperatures |
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1995 |
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743-746 |
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P3 Proceeding; Condensed Matter Theory (CMT) |
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World Scientific |
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Singapore |
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MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY 96/271 Q2 # |
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UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12203 |
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2974 |
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