“Analysis of speleothems by electron and X-ray microprobes”. Kuczumow A, Vekemans B, Schalm O, Gysels K, Ro C-U, Van Grieken R, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 16, 90 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1039/B007725I
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1039/B007725I
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“Application of atmospheric plasma-jets for the conservation of cultural heritage”. Grieten E, Storme P, Caen J, Schalm O, Schryvers D, (2015)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
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“Application of auxiliary signals in X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analysis for density evaluation”. Kuczumov A, Vekemans B, Schalm O, Vincze L, Dorriné, W, Gysels K, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 28, 282 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4539(199907/08)28:4<282::AID-XRS352>3.0.CO;2-H
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4539(199907/08)28:4<282::AID-XRS352>3.0.CO;2-H
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“Caractérisation historique et chimique des peintures en grisaille et du verre de vitrail dans l'oeuvre de J.-B. Capronnier (1814 –, 1891) et J.-B. Bethune (1821 –, 1894)”. Caen J, Schalm O, Janssens K, (2000)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Climatic quality evaluation by peak analysis and segregation of low-, mid-, and high-frequency fluctuations, applied on a historic chapel”. Anaf W, Schalm O, Building and environment 148, 286 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2018.11.018
Abstract: Heritage-related guidelines and standards recommend stable climatic conditions, since these contribute to the extension of heritage collections life. As a result, numerous museums and other heritage institutions implement (expensive) mitigation measures to achieve stable conditions. Nevertheless, temperature and relative humidity fluctuations are often still observed. This contribution demonstrates that the analysis of temperature and humidity peaks and drops helps to identify hazards which cause fluctuations in different frequency ranges. This hazard identification provides information on the type of mitigation actions that are required in the near future and in which order they need to be implemented. The approach is illustrated with a case study. A 22 month monitoring campaign was performed in a chapel in the center of Antwerp (Belgium) where the climatic conditions are controlled with a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Low-, mid- and high-frequency fluctuations were separated and discussed for their hazards.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2018.11.018
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“Comparison of x-ray absorption and emission techniques for the investigation of paintings”. Cabal A, Schalm O, Eyskens P, Willems P, Harth A, van Espen P, X-ray spectrometry 44, 141 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.2591
Abstract: Four x-ray techniques: computed radiography, emission radiography, energy-resolved radiography and imaging x-ray fluorescence were compared using four mock-up panel paintings. The paintings have different stratigraphy and pigments and are representative for different historical periods. One of the paintings has a hidden underlying painting. The type of pigments used mainly influences the information obtained by both the emission and absorption measurements; high-Z white pigment and high-Z color pigments giving the best contrast. Each of the techniques revealed interesting aspects of the paintings, but none of them could reveal the hidden painting to a satisfactory level. Due to the statistical quality of the spectral data, x-ray fluorescence gives elemental images with high contrast. The radiographic images are better to reveal the internal structure. Imaging x-ray fluorescence and energy-resolved radiography measurements can be done simultaneously, and the combination has the highest potential for the study of complex multilayer paintings. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.2591
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“Contact sponge method : performance of a promising tool for measuring the initial water absorption”. Vandevoorde D, Pamplona M, Schalm O, Vanhellemont Y, Cnudde V, Verhaeven E, Journal of cultural heritage 10, 41 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2008.10.002
Abstract: Porous limestone and mortar are able to absorb large quantities of water. This phenomenon will accelerate the deterioration of the material. In such cases, the material might be treated with a hydrophobic product, which creates a superficial layer that hampers the penetration of water. In order to decide if such a treatment should be applied or not, the water absorbing behaviour of the material should be measured. With the same measuring technique the efficiency of the hydrophobic barrier can be evaluated. Moreover, it allows the monitoring of such barriers as a function of time. At the same time, the water absorption of porous stone material is an indication of the degree of deterioration and its sensitivity to future deterioration. Up to now, two different measuring techniques exist, but one can only be used in laboratory and the other, which can be operated in laboratory as well as in situ, is not always reliable for in situ analyses. This article proposes an alternative method: the contact sponge method. This recently developed method was tested on non-treated porous stone materials in a laboratory environment in order to evaluate its performance in comparison with the two existing methods.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2008.10.002
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“A decision support system for preventive conservation : from measurements towards decision making”. Schalm O, Cabal A, Anaf W, Leyva Pernia D, Callier J, Ortega N, The European Physical Journal Plus 134, 74 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1140/EPJP/I2019-12441-5
Abstract: We present a decision-support system that guides heritage guardians in selecting mitigation actions to improve the indoor air quality and thus the preservation conditions of indoor collections in heritage buildings. This contribution shows that it is feasible to build a decision support system dedicated to preventive conservation when the following barriers are overcome: 1) simultaneous measurement of a wide range of environmental parameters in order to detect a larger number of undesired situations; 2) development of an algorithm to perform reproducible indoor air quality assessments; and 3) transformation of the air quality assessment into a graph that can be read intuitively without causing a wide variation of interpretations among stakeholders. An important aspect of the decision support system is that it reduces several sources of uncertainty that hamper reliable indoor air quality assessments. The possibilities of such a system are illustrated with a measurement campaign in a church where a heating system has been installed and used for the first time.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.1140/EPJP/I2019-12441-5
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“Einfluss verschiedener Silbersalze auf die Farbintensität von Silbergelb : analytische Untersuchungen”. De Vis K, Jembrih-Simbürger D, Schalm O, Schreiner M, Caen J, Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung 16, 147 (2002)
Keywords: A2 Journal article; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Improved radiographic methods for the investigation of paintings using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources”. Schalm O, Cabal A, van Espen P, Laquière N, Storme P, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 26, 1068 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1039/C0JA00242A
Abstract: It is generally known that radiographic inspection of 1517th century paintings can easily be done with a polychromatic X-ray source using a voltage between 20 kV and 40 kV in combination with classic X-ray films. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of numerous 19th and early 20th century paintings cannot be visualized with conventional radiography due to several reasons such as the use of lead white grounds or low absorbing pigments. Radiographic images are blurred or worse, they do not contain the picture of the painting. During the last decades, many technological innovations have been introduced in the field of radiography but their possibilities in cultural heritage have not been explored in full detail. In our investigation we used phosphor imaging plates, energy dispersive detectors and CCD-cameras in combination with synchrotron radiation and conventional X-ray tubes in order to improve the quality of radiographic images. Several promising techniques that could improve the quality of radiographs of paintings were identified.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1039/C0JA00242A
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“Laminated altered layers in historical glass : density variations of silica nanoparticle random packings as explanation for the observed lamellae”. Schalm O, Anaf W, Journal of non-crystalline solids 442, 1 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNONCRYSOL.2016.03.019
Abstract: One of the most striking but unexplained phenomena in the natural degradation of glass is the transformation of an almost colorless, transparent and homogeneous glass into a colored, opaque and heterogeneous degradation layer. In many cases, the degradation layer consists of numerous lamellae with a thickness between 0.1 and 10 pm. However, both internal structure and formation proess of laminated degradation layers remain unclear. In this paper, a model is proposed where we assume that transformed (degraded) glass consists of a random packing of nano-sized silica particles while the lamellae are the result of different packing densities. The model is able to connect the texture of numerous lamellae observed by several types of microscopic techniques with the structure at molecular level determined by means of chemical analysis. In addition, the model is able to explain numerous properties such as the parameters responsible for the contrast between lamellae. This contrast can be caused by differences in color, density, elemental composition, or surface roughness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.1016/J.JNONCRYSOL.2016.03.019
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“Manufacturing techniques and production defects of 16th-17th century majolica tiles from Antwerp (Belgium)”. Vandevijvere M, Van de Voorde L, Caen J, van Espen P, Vekemans B, Vincze L, Schalm O page 169 (2013).
Keywords: H2 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
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“New generation monitoring devices for heritage guardians to detect multiple events and hazards”. Schalm O, Anaf W, Callier J, Leyva Pernia D, IOP conference series : materials science and engineering 364, Unsp 012056 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/364/1/012056
Abstract: Environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, visible light, UV radiation and pollution influence the deterioration rate of heritage items. To judge on the environmental appropriateness for heritage conservation, it is therefore important to monitor the environment. Often, an incomplete set of environmental parameters is measured, or sporadic or time-averaged measurements are performed. As a result, a wide range of undesirable situations and hazards remain unnoticed. This might lead to an underestimation of environmental dangers (i.e., inaccurate judgement) or to inappropriate mitigation measures (i.e., inaccurate decision making). We present an innovative and user-friendly monitoring device that simultaneously and continuously measures (1) environmental parameters and (2) material behavior. An extended combination of off-the-shelf sensors for temperature, relative humidity, air speed, CO2, NO2, O-3 and particulate matter are connected to a multipurpose datalogger. In-house developed sensors for the shrinkage and expansion behavior of wood, as well as sensors for metal corrosion rates are connected to the same datalogger. Such extended monitoring shows the identification of a wider range of undesirable situations, and it facilitates the search for correlations between such situations and the sources that cause them, i.e., the hazards.
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; History; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/364/1/012056
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“Possibilities of energy-resolved X-ray radiography for the investigation of paintings”. Cabal Rodríguez AE, Leyva Pernia D, Schalm O, van Espen PJM, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 402, 1471 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-011-5230-X
Abstract: X-ray radiographic images of paintings often show little or no contrast. In order to increase the contrast in radiographic images we measured the X-ray spectrum of a low power X-ray tube, after passing through the painting, with a high energy-resolution SDD detector. To obtain images, the detector is collimated with a 400 mu m diameter pinhole and the painting was moved through the beam in the x and y-direction using a dwell time of a few seconds per pixel. The data obtained consists of a data cube of, typically, 200 x 200 pixels and a 512-channel X-ray spectrum for each pixel, spanning the energy range from 0 to 40 keV. Having the absorbance spectrum available for each pixel, we are able, a posteriori, to produce images by edge subtraction for any given element. In this way high contrast, element-specific, images can be obtained. Because of the high energy-resolution a much simpler edge subtraction algorithm can be applied. We also used principal-component imaging to obtain, in a more automated way, images with high contrast. Some of these images can easily be attributed to specific elements. It turns out that preprocessing of the spectral data is crucial for the success of the multivariate image processing.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1007/S00216-011-5230-X
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“Some new applications of auxiliary signals in X-ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analysis”. Kuczumow A, Vekemans B, Schalm O, Vincze L, Dorriné, W, Gysels K, Van Grieken R, , 197 (1999)
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Standardized indoor air quality assessments as a tool to prepare heritage guardians for changing preservation conditions due to climate change”. Anaf W, Leyva Pernia D, Schalm O, Geosciences 8, Unsp 276 (2018). http://doi.org/10.3390/GEOSCIENCES8080276
Abstract: Climate change will affect the preservation conditions of our cultural heritage. Therefore, well-considered mitigation actions should be implemented to safeguard our heritage for future generations. Environmental monitoring is essential to follow up the change in preservation conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of performed mitigation actions. To support heritage guardians in the processing and evaluation of monitored data, an indoor air quality (IAQ) index for heritage applications is introduced. The index is calculated for each measured point in time and is visualized in a user-friendly and intuitive way. The current paper describes the backbone of the IAQ-calculating algorithm. The algorithm is subsequently applied on a case study in which a mitigation action is implemented in a church.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Antwerp Systems and software Modelling (AnSyMo); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
DOI: 10.3390/GEOSCIENCES8080276
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“Study of the main physical processes contributing to image formation in emission radiography using mathematical modeling”. Leyva Pernia D, Cabal Rodríguez AE, Schalm O, van Espen P, Piñera Hernández I, Abreu Alfonso Y, (2013)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
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“Enamels in stained-glass windows : preparation, chemical composition, microstructure and causes of deterioration”. Caen J, Schalm O, van der Snickt G, van der Linden V, Frederickx P, Schryvers D, Janssens K, Cornelis E, van Dyck D, Schreiner M, , 121 (2005)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Art; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Vision lab
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Caen J, Schalm O, Janssens K (2009) 15th century stained-glass windows in the former County of Flanders : a historical and chemical study related to recent conservation campaigns. 459–466
Keywords: P2 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Analiza pierwiastkowa zabytkowych obiektów szklanych”. Wagner B, Nowak A, Bulska E, Kunicki-Goldfinger J, Schalm O, Janssens K, Nauka i Zabytki , 71 (2008)
Keywords: A3 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Analyses of petrified wood by electron, X-ray and optical microprobes”. Kuczumov A, Vekemans B, Schalm O, Dorriné, W, Chevallier P, Dillmann P, Ro C-U, Janssens K, Van Grieken R, Journal of analytical atomic spectroscopy 14, 435 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1039/A806748A
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1039/A806748A
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“Analysis of façon-de-Venise glass originating from Central and Western Europe”. Šmit Ž, Janssens K, Schalm O, Kos M page 165 (2005).
Keywords: H3 Book chapter; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Atmospheric composition and micro-climate in the Alhambra monument, Granada (Spain), in the context of preventive conservation”. Horemans B, Schalm O, De Wael K, Cardell C, Van Grieken R, IOP conference series : materials science and engineering 37, 012002 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/37/1/012002
Abstract: The world famous Alhambra monument in Granada, Southern Spain, listed as UNESCO world cultural heritage since 1984, represents probably the most beautiful example of Islamic art and architecture from the Middle Ages in Europe. It is visited by ca. 2 million people annually. Granada is situated in a natural basin, surrounded by mountains with altitudes up to 3500 m. Due to this topography and the prevailing low wind speeds, pollution-derived and especially traffic-derived particulate matter often accumulates in the urban air. In order to evaluate the potential conservation risks from the surrounding air, the atmospheric composition in the Alhambra monument was evaluated. Indoor temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were evaluated for their potential degenerative effects. Furthermore, the atmospheric composition in the Alhambra was analyzed in terms of inorganic gases (NO2, SO2, O3, and NH3) and black carbon. It was found that the open architecture protected the indoor environments from developing a potentially harmful microclimate, such as the build-up of humidity resulting from the huge number of daily tourists. On the downside, the strong ventilation made the indoor air hardly different from outdoor air, as characterized by strong diurnal temperature and relative humidity gradients and high traffic-derived pollutant levels.
Keywords: P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Times cited: 1
DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/37/1/012002
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“Black glass vessels and jewellery in Belgium : production, context analysis, chronology and use”. Cosyns P, Janssens K, Vanderlinden V, Schalm O, (2005)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Characterization of 18th century Portuguese glass from Real Fábrica de Vidros de Coina”. Lopes F, Lima A, Pires de Matos A, Custódio J, Cagno S, Schalm O, Janssens K, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14, 137 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JASREP.2017.05.020
Abstract: This work reports the first systematic chemical characterization of Portuguese 18th century glassware. 28 selected glass fragments, recovered from an archaeological excavation carried out in the site where King D. João V of Portugal established an important glass manufacture, Real Fábrica de Vidros de Coina (Coina Royal Glass Factory), were studied. This factory operated from 1719 until 1747, the year in which the factory was transferred to Marinha Grande. The fragments were analysed by micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (micro-EDXRF), using a portable spectrometer ArtTAX, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). The analytical data showed that a large variety of glass types was manufactured in that factory, namely soda-lime glass, mixed-alkali glass, high lime-low alkali glass, potash glass and lead glass. In general, the composition of the glass varies according to the function of the objects. It was demonstrated that micro-EDXRF can be an important tool to characterize museum glass objects when only in situ non-invasive analytical methods are allowed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Art; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES)
Times cited: 3
DOI: 10.1016/J.JASREP.2017.05.020
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Schalm O, Caen J, Janssens K (2007) Chemical composition of 19th century window glass originating from stianed glass windows located in Belgium. 169–178
Keywords: P2 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Chemische en morfologische karakterisatie van de grissailles van Capronnier met behulp van EPXMA”. Schalm O, Janssens K, Caen J, Adams F, (1999)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Complementary analysis of historical glass by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and laser ablation inductiveley coupled plasma mass spectrometry”. Wagner B, Nowak A, Bulska E, Kunicki-Goldfinger J, Schalm O, Janssens K, schalm, Microchimica acta 162, 415 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00604-007-0835-7
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Times cited: 28
DOI: 10.1007/S00604-007-0835-7
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“Composition of 13-17th century glass from non-figurative windows in secular buildings excavated in Belgium”. Schalm O, Wouters H, Janssens K, (2005)
Keywords: P3 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Composition of 15-17th century archaeological glass vessels excavated in Antwerp, Belgium”. Janssens KH, Deraedt I, Schalm O, Veeckman J, Mikrochimica acta: supplementum 15, 253 (1998)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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