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Author |
De Luca, F.; Abate, S.; Bogaerts, A.; Centi, G. |
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Title |
Electrified CO2 conversion : integrating experimental, computational, and process simulation methods for sustainable chemical synthesis |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
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Year |
2024 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
xv, 152 p. |
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Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
Nowadays, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly petroleum, natural gas, and coal, meets the rising need for power and fuels for automobiles and industries. This has given rise to ecological and climate challenges. This thesis explores these issues from three distinct perspectives: (i) experimental, (ii) computational, and (iii) process simulation, with a focus on studying CO2 as an alternative and economically viable raw material. Firstly, the experimental study is focused on the synthesis, characterization, and testing of novel catalysts for electroreduction of CO2 and oxalic acid, an intermediate product of CO2. Electrocatalysts based on Cu supported by citrus (orange and lemon) peel biomass are prepared. These catalysts exhibit activity in the electrochemical reduction of CO2, emphasizing the effectiveness of biomasses, particularly orange peels, as environmentally friendly precursors for sustainable and efficient electrocatalysts. In addition, graphitic carbon nitrides/TiO2 nanotubes (g-C3N4/TiNT) composites are prepared for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxalic acid to glycolic acid, revealing superior electrocatalytic properties compared to pristine TiNT. Characterization by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electronic microscopy were performed for all the prepared electrocatalysts. Delving into the reduction of CO2 on Cu catalysts, a computational study about the synthesis of methanol on Cu(111) surface is performed by using the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package. A systematic study is carried out to define the activation energies of the elementary reactions by using mGGA DF. Consequently, it is shown that the rate-controlling step is CH3O* hydrogenation and the formate pathway on Cu(111) proceeds through the HCOOH* intermediate. Finally, the process simulation, performed by using the software Aspen Plus 11 from AspenTech Inc., is based on the comparison of a catalytic (oxidation of ethylene glycol) and an electrocatalytic process (CO2 electroreduction chain) to synthesize glycolic acid. An economic analysis of the operational and investment costs reveals that the catalytic process is more cost-effective due to the current instability of electrocatalysts and proton exchange membranes, resulting in increased maintenance costs and, consequently, higher prices for the product. |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:205262 |
Serial |
9147 |
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Author |
Tsonev, I.; Ahmadi Eshtehardi, H.; Delplancke, M.-P.; Bogaerts, A. |
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Title |
Importance of geometric effects in scaling up energy-efficient plasma-based nitrogen fixation |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2024 |
Publication |
Sustainable energy & fuels |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-19 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
Despite the recent promising potential of plasma-based nitrogen fixation, the technology faces significant challenges in efficient upscaling. To tackle this challenge, we investigate two reactors, i.e., a small one, operating in a flow rate range of 5-20 ln min-1 and current range of 200-500 mA, and a larger one, operating at higher flow rate (100-300 ln min-1) and current (400-1000 mA). Both reactors operate in a pin-to-pin configuration and are powered by direct current (DC) from the same power supply unit, to allow easy comparison and evaluate the effect of upscaling. In the small reactor, we achieve the lowest energy cost (EC) of 2.8 MJ mol-1, for a NOx concentration of 1.72%, at a flow rate of 20 ln min-1, yielding a production rate (PR) of 33 g h-1. These values are obtained in air; in oxygen-enriched air, the results are typically better, at the cost of producing oxygen-enriched air. In the large reactor, the higher flow rates reduce the NOx concentration due to lower SEI, while maintaining a similar EC. This stresses the important effect of the geometrical configuration of the arc, which is typically concentrated in the center of the reactor, resulting in limited coverage of the reacting gas flow, and this is identified as the limiting factor for upscaling. However, our experiments reveal that by changing the reactor configuration, and thus the plasma geometry and power deposition mechanisms, the amount of gas treated by the plasma can be enhanced, leading to successful upscaling. To obtain more insights in our experiments, we performed thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. First of all, they show that our measured lowest EC closely aligns with the calculated minimum thermodynamic equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. In addition, they reveal that the limited NOx production in the large reactor results from the contracted nature of the plasma. To solve this limitation, we let the large reactor operate in so-called torch configuration. Indeed, the latter enhances the NOx concentrations compared to the pin-to-pin configuration, yielding a PR of 80 g h-1 at an EC of 2.9 MJ mol-1 and NOx concentration of 0.31%. This illustrates the importance of reactor design in upscaling. With the focus on feasibility evaluation of scaling-up plasma-based nitrogen fixation by combined experiments and thermodynamic modelling, we aim to tackle the challenge of design and development of an energy-efficient and scaled-up plasma reactor. |
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Wos |
001203657700001 |
Publication Date |
2024-04-11 |
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UA library record; WoS full record |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:205435 |
Serial |
9155 |
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Author |
Long, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhang, H.; Wang, K.; Ong, W.-L.; Bogaerts, A.; Li, K.; Lu, C.; Li, X.; Yan, J.; Tu, X.; Zhang, H. |
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Title |
Plasma chemical looping : unlocking high-efficiency CO₂ conversion to clean CO at mild temperatures |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2024 |
Publication |
JACS Au |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
We propose a plasma chemical looping CO2 splitting (PCLCS) approach that enables highly efficient CO2 conversion into O-2-free CO at mild temperatures. PCLCS achieves an impressive 84% CO2 conversion and a 1.3 mmol g(-1) CO yield, with no O-2 detected. Crucially, this strategy significantly lowers the temperature required for conventional chemical looping processes from 650 to 1000 degrees C to only 320 degrees C, demonstrating a robust synergy between plasma and the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 oxygen carrier (OC). Systematic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the pivotal role of plasma in activating and partially decomposing CO2, yielding a mixture of CO, O-2/O, and electronically/vibrationally excited CO2*. Notably, these excited CO2* species then efficiently decompose over the oxygen vacancies of the OCs, with a substantially reduced activation barrier (0.86 eV) compared to ground-state CO2 (1.63 eV), contributing to the synergy. This work offers a promising and energy-efficient pathway for producing O-2-free CO from inert CO2 through the tailored interplay of plasma and OCs. |
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Wos |
001225139200001 |
Publication Date |
2024-05-08 |
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UA library record; WoS full record |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:205970 |
Serial |
9166 |
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Author |
O'Modhrain, C.; Trenchev, G.; Gorbanev, Y.; Bogaerts, A. |
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Title |
Upscaling plasma-based CO₂ conversion : case study of a multi-reactor gliding arc plasmatron |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
2024 |
Publication |
ACS Engineering Au |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
Atmospheric pressure plasmas have shifted in recent years from being a burgeoning research field in the academic setting to an actively investigated technology in the chemical, oil, and environmental industries. This is largely driven by the climate change mitigation efforts, as well as the evident pathways of value creation by converting greenhouse gases (such as CO2) into useful chemical feedstock. Currently, most high technology readiness level (TRL) plasma-based technologies are based on volumetric and power-based scaling of thermal plasma systems, which results in large capital investment and regular maintenance costs. This work investigates bringing a quasi-thermal (so-called “warm”) plasma setup, namely, a gliding arc plasmatron, from a lab-scale to a pilot-scale capacity with an increase in throughput capacity by a factor of 10. The method of scaling is the parallelization of plasmatron reactors within a single housing, with the aim of maintaining a warm plasma regime while simultaneously improving build cost and efficiency (compared to separate reactors operating in parallel). Special attention is also given to the safety and control features implemented in the setup, a key component required for integration into industrial systems. The performance of the multi-reactor gliding arc plasmatron (MRGAP) reactor is investigated, focusing on the influence of flow rate and the number of active reactors. The location of active reactors was deemed to have a negligible effect on the monitored metrics of conversion, energy efficiency, and energy cost. The optimum operating conditions were found to be with the most active reactors (five) at the highest investigated flow rate (80 L/min). Analysis of results suggests that an optimum conversion (9%) and plug power-based energy efficiency (19%) can be maintained at a specific energy input (SEI) around 5.3 kJ/L (or 1 eV/molecule). The concept of parallelization of plasmatron reactors within a singular housing was demonstrated to be a viable method for scaling up from a lab-scale to a prototype-scale device, with performance analysis suggesting that increasing the power (through adding more reactor channels) and total flow rate, while maintaining an SEI around 5.3 or 4.2 kJ/L, i.e., 1.3 or 1 eV/molecule (based on plug power and plasma-deposited power, respectively), can result in increased conversion rate without sacrificing absolute conversion or energy efficiency. |
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001166625200001 |
Publication Date |
2024-02-14 |
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UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
Most recent IF: NA |
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Call Number |
UA @ admin @ c:irua:204749 |
Serial |
9182 |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; van Straaten, M.; Gijbels, R. |
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Title |
Description of the thermalization process of the sputtered atoms in a glow discharge using a 3-dimensional Monte Carlo method |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of applied physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Phys |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1868-1874 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Publisher |
American Institute of Physics |
Place of Publication |
New York, N.Y. |
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Wos |
A1995RC30300006 |
Publication Date |
2002-07-26 |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0021-8979; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
2.183 |
Times cited |
87 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12270 |
Serial |
655 |
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Author |
van Straaten, M.; Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R. |
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Title |
Experimental determination of the energy distribution of ions bombarding the cathode surface in a glow discharge |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Spectrochim Acta B |
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Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
583-605 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Place of Publication |
Oxford |
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Wos |
A1995RD70500026 |
Publication Date |
2003-04-25 |
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ISSN |
0584-8547; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.176 |
Times cited |
22 |
Open Access |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12269 |
Serial |
1136 |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R.; Goedheer, W. |
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Title |
Hybrid Monte Carlo-fluid model of a direct current glow discharge |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of applied physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Phys |
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Volume |
78 |
Issue |
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Pages |
2233-2241 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Publisher |
American Institute of Physics |
Place of Publication |
New York, N.Y. |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1995RP71800009 |
Publication Date |
2002-07-26 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0021-8979; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
2.183 |
Times cited |
117 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12262 |
Serial |
1526 |
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Author |
Gijbels, R.; van Straaten, M.; Bogaerts, A. |
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Title |
Mass spectrometric analysis of inorganic solids: GDMS and other methods |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Advances in mass spectrometry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
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Pages |
241-256 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Corporate Author |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
London |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1995BG78P00013 |
Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0568-000x |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
12 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12267 |
Serial |
1952 |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R. |
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Title |
Mathematical description of a direct current glow discharge in argon |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
355 |
Issue |
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Pages |
853-857 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Corporate Author |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
Berlin |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1996UY97500019 |
Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0937-0633 |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
12 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:16240 |
Serial |
1955 |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A. |
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Title |
Mathematical modeling of a direct current glow discharge in argon |
Type |
Doctoral thesis |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Doctoral thesis; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Corporate Author |
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Publisher |
Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen |
Place of Publication |
Antwerpen |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:16275 |
Serial |
1956 |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; van Straaten, M.; Gijbels, R. |
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Title |
Mathematical modelling of an analytical glow discharge |
Type |
H3 Book chapter |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
82-90 |
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Keywords |
H3 Book chapter; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
KD Marketing Services |
Place of Publication |
Milton Keynes |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
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Publication Date |
0000-00-00 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record |
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Impact Factor |
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Times cited |
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Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:10257 |
Serial |
1957 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; van Straaten, M.; Gijbels, R. |
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Title |
Monte Carlo simulation of an analytical glow discharge: motion of electrons, ions and fast neutrals in the cathode dark space |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Spectrochim Acta B |
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Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
179-196 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
Oxford |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1995QW79100005 |
Publication Date |
2002-07-26 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0584-8547; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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Impact Factor |
3.176 |
Times cited |
95 |
Open Access |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12268 |
Serial |
2198 |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; Quentmeier, A.; Jakubowski, N.; Gijbels, R. |
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Title |
Plasma diagnostics of an analytical Grimm-type glow discharge in argon and in neon: Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy measurements |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Spectrochim Acta B |
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| |
Volume |
50 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
1337-1349 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
Oxford |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1995TM05600005 |
Publication Date |
2003-05-01 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0584-8547; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
3.176 |
Times cited |
37 |
Open Access |
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| |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:12266 |
Serial |
2634 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R. |
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| |
Title |
Two-dimensional model of a direct current glow discharge : description of the argon metastable atoms, sputtered atoms and ions |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anal Chem |
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| |
Volume |
68 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
2676-2685 |
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| |
Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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| |
Abstract |
A two-dimensional model is presented that describes the behavior of argon metastable atoms, copper atoms, and copper ions in an argon direct. current glow discharge, in the standard cell of the VG9000 glow discharge mass spectrometer for analyzing flat samples. The model is combined with a previously developed model for the electrons, argon ions, and atoms in the same cell to obtain an overall picture of the glow discharge, The results of the present model comprise the number densities of the described plasma species, the relative contributions of different production and loss processes for the argon metastable atoms, the thermalization profile of the sputtered copper atoms, the relative importance of the different ionization mechanisms for the copper atoms, the ionization degree of copper, the copper ion-to-argon ion density ratio, and the relative roles of copper ions, argon ions, and atoms in the sputtering process. All these quantities are calculated for a range of voltages and pressures, Moreover, since the sticking coefficient of copper atoms on solid surfaces is not well-known in the literature, the influence of this parameter on the results is briefly discussed. |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
Washington, D.C. |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1996VA00300042 |
Publication Date |
2002-07-26 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-2700;1520-6882; |
ISBN |
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Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
5.636 |
Times cited |
57 |
Open Access |
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| |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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| |
Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:16242 |
Serial |
3775 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Bogaerts, A.; Gijbels, R.; Goedheer, W.J. |
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Title |
Two-dimensional model of a direct current glow discharge: description of the electrons, argon ions and fast argon atoms |
Type |
A1 Journal article |
| |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Analytical chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anal Chem |
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| |
Volume |
68 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
2296-2303 |
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Keywords |
A1 Journal article; Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine – Antwerp (PLASMANT) |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
Washington, D.C. |
Editor |
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Language |
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Wos |
A1996UY08700002 |
Publication Date |
2002-07-26 |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| |
ISSN |
0003-2700;1520-6882; |
ISBN |
|
Additional Links |
UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles |
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| |
Impact Factor |
5.636 |
Times cited |
70 |
Open Access |
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|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
UA @ lucian @ c:irua:16241 |
Serial |
3776 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
