“Individual particle analysis of Western Mediterranean sediment cores, Rhône suspended matter and Sahara aerosols: investigation of inputs to the sediments”. Wegrzynek D, Jambers W, Van Grieken R, Eisma D, Marine chemistry 57, 25 (1997)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Individual particle characterization of Siberian aerosols by micro-PIXE and backscattering spectrometry”. van Malderen H, Hoornaert S, Injuk J, Przybylowicz WJ, Pineda CA, Prozesky VM, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 30, 320 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.505
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.505
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“Indoor air quality at the Correr Museum, Venice, Italy”. Camuffo D, Brimblecombe P, Van Grieken R, Busse H-J, Sturaro G, Valentino A, Bernardi A, Blades N, Shooter D, de Bock L, Gysels K, Wieser M, Kim O, The science of the total environment 236, 135 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00262-4
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00262-4
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“Indoor air quality of a museum in a subtropical climate : the Oscar Niemeyer museum in Curitiba, Brazil”. Godoi RHM, Carneiro BHB, Paralovo SL, Campos VP, Tavares TM, Evangelista H, Van Grieken R, Godoi AFL, The science of the total environment 452, 314 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.02.070
Abstract: The assessment of damage to indoor cultural heritage, in particular by pollutants, is nowadays a major and growing concern for curators and conservators. Nevertheless, although many museums have been widely investigated in Europe, the effects of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in museums under tropical and subtropical climates and with different economic realities are still unclear. An important portion of the world's cultural heritage is currently in tropical countries where both human and financial resources for preserving museum collections are limited. Hence, our aim is to assess the damage that can be caused to the artwork by pollution in hot and humid environments, where air quality and microclimatic condition differences can cause deterioration. As a case study, particulate matter as well as gases were collected at the Oscar Niemeyer Museum (MON) in Curitiba, Brazil, where large modern and contemporary works of art are displayed. NO2, SO2, O3, Acetic Acid, Formic Acids and BTEX, in the ambient air, were sampled by means of passive diffusive sampling and their concentrations were determined by IC or GCMS. The particulate matter was collected in bulk form and analyzed with the use of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and aethalometer. The chemical compositions of individual particles were quantitatively elucidated, including low-Z components like C, N and O, as well as higher-Z elements, using automated electron probe microanalysis. The gaseous and particulate matter levels were then compared with the concentrations obtained for the same pollutants in other museums, located in places with different climates, and with some reference values provided by international cultural heritage conservation centers. Results are interpreted separately and as a whole with the specific aim of identifying compounds that could contribute to the chemical reactions taking place on the surfaces of artifacts and which could potentially cause irreversible damage to the artworks.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.02.070
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“Indoor environment and conservation in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium”. Gysels K, Delalieux F, Deutsch F, Van Grieken R, Camuffo D, Bernardi A, Sturaro G, Busse H-J, Wieser M, Journal of cultural heritage 5, 221 (2004). http://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(04)00033-0
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S1296-2074(04)00033-0
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“The indoor environment of a modern museum building, the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK”. Brimblecombe P, Blades N, Camuffo D, Sturaro G, Valentino A, Gysels K, Van Grieken R, Busse H-J, Kim O, Ulrych U, Wieser M, Indoor air 9, 146 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0668.1999.T01-1-00002.X
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0668.1999.T01-1-00002.X
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“Inferring episodic atmospheric iron fluxes in the Western South Atlantic”. Evangelista H, Maldonado J, dos Santos EA, Godoi RHM, Garcia CAE, Garcia VMT, Johnson E, da Cunha KD, Leite CB, Van Grieken R, van Meel K, Makarovska Y, Gaiero DM, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 44, 703 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2009.11.018
Abstract: Iron (Fe) and other trace elements such as Zn, Mn, Ni and Cu are known as key-factors in marine biogeochemical cycles. It is believed that ocean primary productivity blooms in iron deficient regions can be triggered by iron in aeolian dust. Up to now, scarce aerosol elemental composition, based on measurements over sea at the Western South Atlantic (WSA), exist. An association between the Patagonian semi-desert dust/Fe and chlorophyll-a variability at the Argentinean continental shelf is essentially inferred from models. We present here experimental data of Fe enriched aerosols over the WSA between latitudes 22°S62°S, during 4 oceanographic campaigns between 2002 and 2005. These data allowed inferring the atmospheric Fe flux onto different latitudinal bands which varied from 30.4 to 1688 nmolFe m−2 day−1 (October 29thNovember 15th, 2003); 5.831586 nmolFe m−2 day−1 (February 15thMarch 6th, 2004) and 4.73586 nmolFe m−2 day−1(October 21stNovember 5th, 2005).
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2009.11.018
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“Infiltration or indoor sources as determinants of the elemental composition of particulate matter inside a school in Wroclaw, Poland?”.Zwozdziak A, Sowka I, Krupińska B, Zwozdziak J, Nych A, Building and environment 66, 173 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2013.04.023
Abstract: Children's exposure to air pollution requires a focus on air quality in places where they spend most time, e.g. in schools. Therefore, understanding how indoor elemental concentrations relate the outdoor ones is necessary to create healthy indoor school environment. The aims of this study were to examine the elemental composition of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) in the school and also to investigate to what degree indoor elemental concentrations are affected by outdoor air or generated inside the school. The measurements were performed inside and outside the public school building in the centre of the city. It was observed that concentrations of most elements were higher at school than outside. The dominant elements in PM1 both indoors and outdoors were S, Cl, K, and Zn. PM2.5 and PM10 fractions inside the school were clearly enriched in elements of mineral origin, additionally S, Zn, K and Cl were also present in high concentrations both indoors and outdoors. Results suggested that a significant contribution to indoor Zn, Pb and S concentrations in the PM2.5 fraction was from penetration of outdoor air. 88%, 80% and 90% of the observed total variations in indoor concentrations of Zn, Pb, and S were explained by the linear relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations. The lack of correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations obtained for Si, Ca, Ti, Sr indicated that these metals were more likely to originate from indoor sources. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2013.04.023
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“The influence of black carbon on the crystallization point of salt aerosol”. Even A, ten Brink HM, Khlystov A, Smekens A, Berghmans P, Van Grieken R, Journal of aerosol science 31, 336 (2000)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Influence of Bridgman process conditions on microstructure and porosity of single crystal Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4”. Matuszewski K, Matysiak H, Jaroszewicz J, de Nolf W, Kubiak K, Kurzydlowski KJ, International journal of cast metals research 27, 329 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1179/1743133614Y.0000000112
Abstract: Synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence and micro-X-ray diffraction analysis, micro-computed tomography and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructure of turbine blades made of a second generation nickel based superalloy CMSX-4 manufactured by investment casting process via Bridgman technique. The dependence of microstructure on process parameters, among others, on the withdrawal rate was analysed. The results set the stage for optimising the microstructure of the blades in terms of their mechanical properties.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1179/1743133614Y.0000000112
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“Influence of different types of heating systems on particulate air pollutant deposition: the case of churches situated in a cold climate”. Spolnik Z, Worobiec A, Samek L, Bencs L, Belikov K, Van Grieken R, Journal of cultural heritage 8, 7 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.CULHER.2006.09.003
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.CULHER.2006.09.003
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“Influence of fixation procedures on the microanalysis of lead-induced intranuclear inclusions in rat kidney”. Vandeputte DF, Jacob WA, Van Grieken RE, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry 38, 331 (1990). http://doi.org/10.1177/38.3.2154517
Abstract: Using Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA), we studied the chemical composition of lead-induced intranuclear inclusions in rat kidney tissue prepared by three different wet chemical fixation procedures for transmission electron microscopy. Fixation with glutaraldehyde-Na2S gave the same results as fixation with glutaraldehyde only: a high lead concentration could be detected. Therefore, for lead strongly bound to proteins, precipitation procedures are not essential. Post-fixation with osmium tetroxide drastically changed the composition of the inclusions: the lead concentration decreased substantially, while sodium, calcium, and barium were introduced. The osmium tetroxide fixative was found to be the source of the contamination. It also contained aluminum, and we suggest that other proteins (e.g., in neurofibrillary tangles) might be able to take up Al out of solution and that care must be exercised in interpreting the microanalytical results of osmium-fixed material. For the microanalysis of the lead inclusions, fixation with glutaraldehyde only provides a good compromise between preservation of the ultrastructure and maintenance of the element distribution.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1177/38.3.2154517
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“Influence of ion energy-distributions and matrix effects on spark source-mass spectrometric analysis”. Vos L, Van Grieken R, International journal of mass spectrometry and ion processes 51, 63 (1983). http://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(83)85029-3
Abstract: The energy distributions of ions produced in a spark source mass spectrometer were recorded for different trace element ions and for the total ion current. Both electrodes of pure doped graphite, and with 10% potassium salts added, were examined. The results show that the measured energy of an ion is mainly determined by the m/z ratio and that the energy of the total ion current depends on the sample composition. It was also clear that if the accelerating voltage is set to obtain maximum transmission of the total ion current, the fraction of the heavy elements that is discriminated at the β-slit depends on the matrix composition if the pass band of the instrument is narrow. These effects influence considerably the accuracy in the analysis of variable samples.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(83)85029-3
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“Influence of ion-source geometry in spark source-mass spectrometric analysis”. Vos L, Van Grieken R, International journal of mass spectrometry and ion processes 59, 221 (1984). http://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(84)85098-3
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(84)85098-3
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“Influence of sample thickness, excitation energy and geometry on particle size effects in XRF”. Van Dyck P, Markowicz A, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 14, 183 (1985). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.1300140409
Abstract: Expressions are presented for calculating the matrix effect and the pure particle size effect in the XRF analysis of particulate samples with a discrete particle size. The equations are based on the absorption-weighted radiometric diameter concept. Two excitationdetection geometries are considered, with the angles between the sample plane and both the incident and emerging radiation being either 90° (π geometry) or 45° (π/2 geometry). Calculations were made for different sample loadings and exciting radiation energies. The influence of these parameters on the matrix and pure particle size effects is shown. From the results, it is possible to predict the performances of alternative experimental correction procedures for the particle size effect, involving dual measurements at different excitation energies or in different excitationdetection geometries.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.1300140409
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“Influence of spark generator parameters in the analysis of graphite-electrodes by spark source-mass spectrometry”. Vos L, Van Grieken R, International journal of mass spectrometry and ion processes 55, 233 (1984). http://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(84)87087-1
Abstract: Spark source mass spectrometric analyses of doped carbon samples were performed at different pulse lengths, pulse frequencies and breakdown voltages. The pulse length and pulse frequencies had no influence on the analysis. The relation between breakdown voltage, spark gap and sample matrix was determined. With increasing breakdown voltage, the abundance of the multiply charged ions was found to decrease, whereas the abundance of the cluster ions increased. The breakdown voltage was also found to affect the absolute and relative intensities of different elements in different manners. Interpretation of these results led to some new considerations on the phenomena in a spark discharge.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(84)87087-1
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“Influence on photoplate evaluation parameters in spark source mass spectrometric analysis”. Verbueken A, Van Grieken R, Bulletin des sociétés chimiques belges 90, 331 (1981)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Infrared investigation of hard human teeth tissues exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation from the 1986 Chernobyl accident”. Darchuk LA, Zaverbna LV, Bebeshko VG, Worobiec A, Stefaniak EA, Van Grieken R, Spectroscopy 22, 105 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1155/2008/843612
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1155/2008/843612
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“Inhable particulate matter from lime industries: chemical composition and deposition in human respiratory tract”. Godoi RHM, Braga DM, Makarovska Y, Alfoldy B, Carvalho Filho MAS, Van Grieken R, Godoi AFL, Atmospheric environment : an international journal 42, 7027 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2008.07.002
Abstract: Air pollution caused by the lime production industry has become a serious problem with potential effects to human health, especially in developing countries. Colombo is a city included in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (capital of Parana State) in South Brazil. In Colombo city, a correlation has been shown between the lime production and the number of persons who need respiratory treatment in a local hospital, indicating that the lime industry can cause deleterious health effects in the exposed workers and population. This research was conducted to deal firstly with the characterization of the size distribution and chemical compositions of particles emitted from lime manufacturing and subsequently to assess the deposition rate of inhaled dolomitic lime aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. The elemental chemical composition and particle size of individual atmospheric particles was quantitatively elucidated, including low-Z components like C, N and 0, as well as higher-Z elements, using automated electron probe microanalysis. Information concerning the bulk composition is provided by energy-dispersive X-ray detection. The majority of the respirable particulate matter identified was composed of aluminosilicates, Ca-Mg oxides, carbon-rich particles, mixtures of organic particles and Ca-Mg carbonates, soot and biogenic particles. In view of the chemical composition and size distribution of the aerosol particles, local deposition efficiencies in the human respiratory system were calculated, revealing the deposition of CaO center dot MgO at extrathoracic, tracheobronchial and pulmonary levels. The results of this study offer evidence to the threat of the fine and coarse particles emitted from dolomite lime manufacturing, allowing policy-makers to better focus their mitigation strategies in an effective way, as well as to the dolomite producers for the purpose of designing and/or implementing improved emission controls.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2008.07.002
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“An innovative air purification method and neural network algorithm applied to urban streets”. Boumahdi M, El Amrani C, Denys S, International journal of embedded and real-time communication systems 10, 1 (2019). http://doi.org/10.4018/IJERTCS.2019100101
Abstract: In the present work, multiphysics modeling was used to investigate the feasibility of a photocatalysis-based outdoor air purifying solution that could be used in high polluted streets, especially street canyons. The article focuses on the use of a semi-active photocatalysis in the surfaces of the street as a solution to remove anthropogenic pollutants from the air. The solution is based on lamellae arranged horizontally on the wall of the street, coated with a photocatalyst (TiO2), lightened with UV light, with a dimension of 8 cm × 48 cm × 1 m. Fans were used in the system to create airflow. A high purification percentage was obtained. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to predict the optimal purification method based on previous simulations, to design purification strategies considering the energy cost. The ANN was used to forecast the amount of purified with a feed-forward neural network and a backpropagation algorithm to train the model.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology (DuEL)
DOI: 10.4018/IJERTCS.2019100101
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“Inorganic deterioration affecting the Altamira Cave, N Spain: quantitative approach to wall-corrosion (solutional etching) processes induced by visitors”. Sánchez-Moral S, Soler V, Cañaveras JC, Sanz-Rubio E, Van Grieken R, Gysels K, The science of the total environment 243/244, 67 (1999). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00348-4
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00348-4
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“Inorganic nitrogen speciation in single micrometer-size particles by laser microprobe mass analysis”. Bruynseels F, Otten P, Van Grieken R, Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 3, 237 (1988). http://doi.org/10.1039/JA9880300237
Abstract: Individual micrometer-size particles of inorganic nitrogen salts, such as NaNO3, NaNO2, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3 and their mixtures, were analysed in the laser microprobe mass analyser. The cluster-ion distributions of the salts are systematically described and can be used to gain speciation information. The results can be used to study the distribution of the atmospheric aerosol inorganic nitrogen compounds and to investigate their chemical transformations under ambient conditions.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1039/JA9880300237
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“Integrated analytical techniques for the characterisation of environmental particles”. Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Potgieter JH, Spectroscopy Europe 22, 12 (2010)
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
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“Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles: fundamental and practical challenges”. Worobiec A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Brooker A, Darchuk L, Stefaniak E, Van Grieken R, Microchemical journal 94, 65 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICROC.2009.09.003
Abstract: The molecular character of atmospheric particulate matter is of prime importance when interpreting air pollution trends and its subsequent influence on environmental monitoring and preventative conservation. The known methods of estimating the molecular composition normally involve elemental analysis of particles (both as bulk and computer controlled analyses of single particles) with subsequent multivariate analyses to clusterise the elements in groups of elements that are closely related to each other. With this approach one can at best suggest associations. Evidently the application of molecular spectroscopy in addition to elemental concentration profiles would provide intimate information regarding the nature of the particles and consequently their fate. This paper gives an overview of research performed in our laboratory and describes the optimisation of experimental parameters to use scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray detection (SEM/EDX) or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) in parallel with micro-Raman Spectrometry (MRS) to investigate single environmental particles. The challenges associated with the two stand-alone techniques are revealed and consequently those posed with an interfaced approach are discussed. Preliminary results, of an initial investigation of the SEM/EDX interfaced with MRS to ultra-fine heterogeneous environmental particles, are given.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1016/J.MICROC.2009.09.003
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“Interference technique in grazing-emission electron probe microanalysis of submicrometer particles”. Bekshaev A, Van Grieken R, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 56, 503 (2001). http://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00177-X
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00177-X
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“Internal mixture of sea salt, silicates, and excess sulfate in marine aerosols”. Andreae MO, Charlson RJ, Bruynseels F, Storms H, Van Grieken R, Maenhaut W, Science 232, 1620 (1986). http://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.232.4758.1620
Abstract: Individual aerosol particles from the remote marine atmosphere were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. A large fraction of the silicate mineral component of the aerosol was found to be internally mixed with sea-salt aerosol particles. This observation explains the unexpected similarity in the size distributions of silicates and sea salt that has been observed in remote marine aerosols. Reentrainment of dust particles previously deposited onto the sea surface and collision between aerosol particles can be excluded as possible source mechanisms for these internally mixed aerosols. The internal mixing could be produced by processes within clouds, including droplet coalescence. Cloud processes may also be responsible for the observed enrichment of excess (nonsea-salt) sulfate on sea-salt particles.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.232.4758.1620
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“Investigation of gaseous and particulate air pollutants at the Basilica Saint-Urbain in Troyes, related to the preservation of the medieval stained glass windows”. Kontozova-Deutsch V, Godoi RHM, Worobiec A, Spolnik Z, Krata A, Deutsch F, Van Grieken R, Microchimica acta 162, 425 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00604-007-0930-9
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1007/S00604-007-0930-9
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“Investigation of heavy metal distributions along 15m soil profiles using EDXRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, and ICP-MS techniques”. Ozen SA, Ozkalayci F, Cevik U, Van Grieken R, X-ray spectrometry 47, 231 (2018). http://doi.org/10.1002/XRS.2832
Abstract: The research of soil contamination by heavy metal is an important field due to its environmental and health implications. The goal was to study the elemental mobility as a function of depth. For this reason, the distribution of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and Pb) was investigated along soil profiles up to a depth of 15m at 9 sampling sites in the Nilufer industrial district (Bursa, Turkey). Elemental analyses were done with the Epsilon 5 energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipment. Particle analysis was performed with a JEOL scanning electron microscope equipped with a Si(Li) X-ray detector. The crystallographic compositions of oxide compounds in soil samples were identified by a Rigaku X-ray diffraction instrument. Different parameters such as the soil's chemical (mineralogical structure, pH, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (the number of blows, the stiffness index, the liquidity index, the plasticity index, and the water content) were analyzed. To assess the mobility of the heavy metals, diffusion (D) and convection coefficients (?) were calculated with the finite difference method. Convection was determined to dominate the studied region. In addition, the mobility coefficient was determined for each metal. High mobilities were determined for Zn and V, moderate mobilities for Cr, Ni, Cu, and As, and low mobilities were determined for Co and Pb. The results revealed that elements had reached depths of up to 15m, causing irreversible soil contamination that may lead to environmental health issues.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1002/XRS.2832
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“Investigation of heterogeneous reactions of PAH's on particle surfaces using laser microprobe mass analysis”. Niessner R, Klockow D, Bruynseels F, Van Grieken R, International journal of environmental analytical chemistry 22, 281 (1985). http://doi.org/10.1080/03067318508076427
Abstract: Artificially generated NaCl particles were coated with PAH's by using a condensation technique. These particles were exposed to reactive gases like ozone, bromine and nitrogen dioxide. The original as well as the exposed particles were investigated by fluorimetric analysis and by LAMMA (Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis) in the desorption mode, which allows the evaporation and characterization of surfaces of single particles. The results are interpreted in terms of possible heterogeneous atmospheric reactions. The reactivity of the considered PAH's towards nitrogen dioxide was found to be negligible. The structure of the reaction products formed with ozone was partially elucidated.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
DOI: 10.1080/03067318508076427
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“Investigation of inclusions trapped inside Libyan desert glass by Raman microscopy”. Swaenen M, Stefaniak EA, Frost R, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 397, 2659 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-009-3351-2
Abstract: Several specimens of Libyan desert glass (LDG), an enigmatic natural glass from Egypt, were subjected to investigation by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The spectra of inclusions inside the LDG samples were successfully measured through the layers of glass and the mineral species were identified on this basis. The presence of cristobalite as typical for high-temperature melt products was confirmed, together with co-existing quartz. TiO2 was determined in two polymorphic species rutile and anatase. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved also the presence of minerals unusual for high-temperature glasses such as anhydrite and aragonite.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation); Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP)
DOI: 10.1007/S00216-009-3351-2
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