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| Author | Goris, B.; van den Broek, W.; Batenburg, K.J.; Heidari Mezerji, H.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | Electron tomography based on a total variation minimization reconstruction technique | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal  |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 113 | Issue | Pages | 120-130 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab | ||||
| Abstract | The 3D reconstruction of a tilt series for electron tomography is mostly carried out using the weighted backprojection (WBP) algorithm or using one of the iterative algorithms such as the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). However, it is known that these reconstruction algorithms cannot compensate for the missing wedge. Here, we apply a new reconstruction algorithm for electron tomography, which is based on compressive sensing. This is a field in image processing specialized in finding a sparse solution or a solution with a sparse gradient to a set of ill-posed linear equations. Therefore, it can be applied to electron tomography where the reconstructed objects often have a sparse gradient at the nanoscale. Using a combination of different simulated and experimental datasets, it is shown that missing wedge artefacts are reduced in the final reconstruction. Moreover, it seems that the reconstructed datasets have a higher fidelity and are easier to segment in comparison to reconstructions obtained by more conventional iterative algorithms. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000300554400006 | Publication Date | 2011-11-14 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 171 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Fwo | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2012 IF: 2.470 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:93637 | Serial | 987 | ||
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| Author | Bladt, E.; Pelt, D.M.; Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J. | ||||
| Title | Electron tomography based on highly limited data using a neural network reconstruction technique | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 158 | Issue | 158 | Pages | 81-88 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab | ||||
| Abstract | Gold nanoparticles are studied extensively due to their unique optical and catalytical properties. Their exact shape determines the properties and thereby the possible applications. Electron tomography is therefore often used to examine the three-dimensional (3D) shape of nanoparticles. However, since the acquisition of the experimental tilt series and the 3D reconstructions are very time consuming, it is difficult to obtain statistical results concerning the 3D shape of nanoparticles. Here, we propose a new approach for electron tomography that is based on artificial neural networks. The use of a new reconstruction approach enables us to reduce the number of projection images with a factor of 5 or more. The decrease in acquisition time of the tilt series and use of an efficient reconstruction algorithm allows us to examine a large amount of nanoparticles in order to retrieve statistical results concerning the 3D shape. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000361574800011 | Publication Date | 2015-07-10 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 25 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | 335078 COLOURATOM; FWO; COST Action MP1207; 312483 ESTEEM2; esteem2jra4; ECASSara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2015 IF: 2.436 | ||
| Call Number | c:irua:126675 c:irua:126675 | Serial | 988 | ||
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| Author | Goris, B.; Bals, S.; van den Broek, W.; Verbeeck, J.; Van Tendeloo, G. | ||||
| Title | Exploring different inelastic projection mechanisms for electron tomography | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 111 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1262-1267 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab | ||||
| Abstract | Several different projection mechanisms that all make use of inelastically scattered electrons are used for electron tomography. The advantages and the disadvantages of these methods are compared to HAADFSTEM tomography, which is considered as the standard electron tomography technique in materials science. The different inelastic setups used are energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), thickness mapping based on the log-ratio method and bulk plasmon mapping. We present a comparison that can be used to select the best inelastic signal for tomography, depending on different parameters such as the beam stability and nature of the sample. The appropriate signal will obviously also depend on the exact information which is requested. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000300461100039 | Publication Date | 2011-03-07 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 21 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Fwo; Iap; Esteem 026019 | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2011 IF: 2.471 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:91260UA @ admin @ c:irua:91260 | Serial | 1151 | ||
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| Author | Bals, S.; Kilaas, R.; Kisielowski, C. | ||||
| Title | Nonlinear imaging using annular dark field TEM | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 104 | Issue | 3/4 | Pages | 281-289 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | Annular dark field TEM images exhibit a dominant mass-thickness contrast that can be quantified to extract single atom scattering cross sections. On top of this incoherent background, additional lattice fringes appear with a nonlinear information limit of 1.2 angstrom at 150 kV. The formation of these fringes is described by coherent nonlinear imaging theory and good agreement is found between experimental and simulated images. Calculations furthermore predict that the use of aberration corrected microscopes will improve the image quality dramatically. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000231297100012 | Publication Date | 2005-06-16 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 15 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2005 IF: 2.490 | |||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:64685 | Serial | 2352 | ||
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| Author | Van Eyndhoven, G.; Kurttepeli, M.; van Oers, C.J.; Cool, P.; Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J.; Sijbers, J. | ||||
| Title | Pore REconstruction and Segmentation (PORES) method for improved porosity quantification of nanoporous materials | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 148 | Issue | 148 | Pages | 10-19 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab; Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA) | ||||
| Abstract | Electron tomography is currently a versatile tool to investigate the connection between the structure and properties of nanomaterials. However, a quantitative interpretation of electron tomography results is still far from straightforward. Especially accurate quantification of pore-space is hampered by artifacts introduced in all steps of the processing chain, i.e., acquisition, reconstruction, segmentation and quantification. Furthermore, most common approaches require subjective manual user input. In this paper, the PORES algorithm POre REconstruction and Segmentation is introduced; it is a tailor-made, integral approach, for the reconstruction, segmentation, and quantification of porous nanomaterials. The PORES processing chain starts by calculating a reconstruction with a nanoporous-specific reconstruction algorithm: the Simultaneous Update of Pore Pixels by iterative REconstruction and Simple Segmentation algorithm (SUPPRESS). It classifies the interior region to the pores during reconstruction, while reconstructing the remaining region by reducing the error with respect to the acquired electron microscopy data. The SUPPRESS reconstruction can be directly plugged into the remaining processing chain of the PORES algorithm, resulting in accurate individual pore quantification and full sample pore statistics. The proposed approach was extensively validated on both simulated and experimental data, indicating its ability to generate accurate statistics of nanoporous materials. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000345973000002 | Publication Date | 2014-08-23 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 7 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | Colouratom; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2015 IF: 2.436 | ||
| Call Number | c:irua:119083 | Serial | 2672 | ||
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| Author | Heidari Mezerji, H.; van den Broek, W.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | A practical method to determine the effective resolution in incoherent experimental electron tomography | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 111 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 330-336 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab | ||||
| Abstract | It is not straightforward to determine resolution for a 3D reconstruction when performing an electron tomography experiment. Different contributions such as missing wedge and misalignment add up and often influence the final resolution in an anisotropic manner. The conventional resolution measures can not be used for all of the reconstruction techniques, especially for iterative techniques which are more commonly used for electron tomography in materials science. Here we define a quantitative resolution measure that determines the resolution in three orthogonal directions of the reconstruction. As an application we use this measure to determine the optimum number of simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) iterations to reconstruct the gold nanoparticles, based on a high angle annular dark field STEM (HAADF-STEM) tilt series. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000289396900005 | Publication Date | 2011-01-24 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 26 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Esteem 026019; Fwo | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2011 IF: 2.471 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:87606 | Serial | 2688 | ||
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| Author | Chen, D.; Goris, B.; Bleichrodt, F.; Heidari Mezerji, H.; Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J.; de With, G.; Friedrich, H. | ||||
| Title | The properties of SIRT, TVM, and DART for 3D imaging of tubular domains in nanocomposite thin-films and sections | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 147 | Issue | Pages | 137-148 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | In electron tomography, the fidelity of the 3D reconstruction strongly depends on the employed reconstruction algorithm. In this paper, the properties of SIRT, TVM and DART reconstructions are studied with respect to having only a limited number of electrons available for imaging and applying different angular sampling schemes. A well-defined realistic model is generated, which consists of tubular domains within a matrix having slab-geometry. Subsequently, the electron tomography workflow is simulated from calculated tilt-series over experimental effects to reconstruction. In comparison with the model, the fidelity of each reconstruction method is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively based on global and local edge profiles and resolvable distance between particles. Results show that the performance of all reconstruction methods declines with the total electron dose. Overall, SIRT algorithm is the most stable method and insensitive to changes in angular sampling. TVM algorithm yields significantly sharper edges in the reconstruction, but the edge positions are strongly influenced by the tilt scheme and the tubular objects become thinned. The DART algorithm markedly suppresses the elongation artifacts along the beam direction and moreover segments the reconstruction which can be considered a significant advantage for quantification. Finally, no advantage of TVM and DART to deal better with fewer projections was observed. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000343157400015 | Publication Date | 2014-08-19 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 42 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | Fwo | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2014 IF: 2.436 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:119073 | Serial | 2729 | ||
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| Author | Van Aert, S.; Verbeeck, J.; Erni, R.; Bals, S.; Luysberg, M.; van Dyck, D.; Van Tendeloo, G. | ||||
| Title | Quantitative atomic resolution mapping using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 109 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1236-1244 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab | ||||
| Abstract | A model-based method is proposed to relatively quantify the chemical composition of atomic columns using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images. The method is based on a quantification of the total intensity of the scattered electrons for the individual atomic columns using statistical parameter estimation theory. In order to apply this theory, a model is required describing the image contrast of the HAADF STEM images. Therefore, a simple, effective incoherent model has been assumed which takes the probe intensity profile into account. The scattered intensities can then be estimated by fitting this model to an experimental HAADF STEM image. These estimates are used as a performance measure to distinguish between different atomic column types and to identify the nature of unknown columns with good accuracy and precision using statistical hypothesis testing. The reliability of the method is supported by means of simulated HAADF STEM images as well as a combination of experimental images and electron energy-loss spectra. It is experimentally shown that statistically meaningful information on the composition of individual columns can be obtained even if the difference in averaged atomic number Z is only 3. Using this method, quantitative mapping at atomic resolution using HAADF STEM images only has become possible without the need of simultaneously recorded electron energy loss spectra. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000270015200004 | Publication Date | 2009-05-28 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 166 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Fwo; Esteem 026019 | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:78585UA @ admin @ c:irua:78585 | Serial | 2748 | ||
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| Author | Heidari, H.; van den Broek, W.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | Quantitative electron tomography : the effect of the three-dimensional point spread function | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 135 | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | The intensity levels in a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, obtained by electron tomography, can be influenced by several experimental imperfections. Such artifacts will hamper a quantitative interpretation of the results. In this paper, we will correct for artificial intensity variations by determining the 3D point spread function (PSF) of a tomographic reconstruction based on high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The large tails of the PSF cause an underestimation of the intensity of smaller particles, which in turn hampers an accurate radius estimate. Here, the error introduced by the PSF is quantified and corrected a posteriori. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000326941500001 | Publication Date | 2013-06-21 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 6 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Esteem2; Sunflower; esteem2_jra4 | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2013 IF: 2.745 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:111397 | Serial | 2756 | ||
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| Author | Ke, X.; Bals, S.; Romo Negreira, A.; Hantschel, T.; Bender, H.; Van Tendeloo, G. | ||||
| Title | TEM sample preparation by FIB for carbon nanotube interconnects | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 109 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1353-1359 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | A powerful method to study carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown in patterned substrates for potential interconnects applications is transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, high-quality TEM samples are necessary for such a study. Here, TEM specimen preparation by focused ion beam (FIB) has been used to obtain lamellae of patterned samples containing CNTs grown inside contact holes. A dual-cap Pt protection layer and an extensive 5 kV cleaning procedure are applied in order to preserve the CNTs and avoid deterioration during milling. TEM results show that the inner shell structure of the carbon nanotubes has been preserved, which proves that focused ion beam is a useful technique to prepare TEM samples of CNT interconnects. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000270765800006 | Publication Date | 2009-07-11 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 21 | Open Access | |
| Notes | Esteem 026019; Iap | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2009 IF: 2.067 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:79074 | Serial | 3485 | ||
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| Author | van Aarle, W.; Palenstijn, W.J.; De Beenhouwer, J.; Altantzis, T.; Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J.; Sijbers, J. | ||||
| Title | The ASTRA Toolbox: A platform for advanced algorithm development in electron tomography | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 157 | Issue | 157 | Pages | 35-47 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab | ||||
| Abstract | We present the ASTRA Toolbox as an open platform for 3D image reconstruction in tomography. Most of the software tools that are currently used in electron tomography offer limited flexibility with respect to the geometrical parameters of the acquisition model and the algorithms used for reconstruction. The ASTRA Toolbox provides an extensive set of fast and flexible building blocks that can be used to develop advanced reconstruction algorithms, effectively removing these limitations. We demonstrate this flexibility, the resulting reconstruction quality, and the computational efficiency of this toolbox by a series of experiments, based on experimental dual-axis tilt series. | ||||
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| Language | English | Wos | 000361002400005 | Publication Date | 2015-05-06 |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 562 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | The authors acknowledge financial support from the iMinds ICONMetroCT project,the IWT SBO Tom Food project and from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO),Project no. 639.072.005. Networking support was provided by the EXTREMA COST Action MP 1207. Sara Bals acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078 COLOURATOMS).; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843; 2015 IF: 2.436 | ||
| Call Number | c:irua:127834 | Serial | 3974 | ||
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| Author | Zanaga, D.; Altantzis, T.; Sanctorum, J.; Freitag, B.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | An alternative approach for ζ-factor measurement using pure element nanoparticles | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 164 | Pages | 11-16 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | It is very challenging to measure the chemical composition of hetero nanostructures in a reliable and quantitative manner. Here, we propose a novel and straightforward approach that can be used to quantify energy dispersive X-ray spectra acquired in a transmission electron microscope. Our method is based on a combination of electron tomography and the so-called ζ-factor technique. We will demonstrate the reliability of our approach as well as its applicability by investigating Au-Ag and Au-Pt hetero nanostructures. Given its simplicity, we expect that the method could become a new standard in the field of chemical characterization using electron microscopy. | ||||
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| Language | Wos | 000373526200002 | Publication Date | 2016-03-10 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 19 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant # 335078-COLOURATOMS) and the European Union under the FP7 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative N. 312483 – ESTEEM2). The authors would also like to thank Luis M. Liz-Marzán, Ana Sánchez-Iglesias, Stefanos Mourdikoudis and Cristina Fernández-López for sample provision and useful discussions.; esteem2jra4; ECASSara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @ | Serial | 4019 | ||
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| Author | Goris, B.; Meledina, M.; Turner, S.; Zhong, Z.; Batenburg, K.J.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | Three dimensional mapping of Fe dopants in ceria nanocrystals using direct spectroscopic electron tomography | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 171 | Issue | 171 | Pages | 55-62 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | Electron tomography is a powerful technique for the 3D characterization of the morphology of nanostructures. Nevertheless, resolving the chemical composition of complex nanostructures in 3D remains challenging and the number of studies in which electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is combined with tomography is limited. During the last decade, dedicated reconstruction algorithms have been developed for HAADF-STEM tomography using prior knowledge about the investigated sample. Here, we will use the prior knowledge that the experimental spectrum of each reconstructed voxel is a linear combination of a well-known set of references spectra in a so-called direct spectroscopic tomography technique. Based on a simulation experiment, it is shown that this technique provides superior results in comparison to conventional reconstruction methods for spectroscopic data, especially for spectrum images containing a relatively low signal to noise ratio. Next, this technique is used to investigate the spatial distribution of Fe dopants in Fe:Ceria nanoparticles in 3D. It is shown that the presence of the Fe2+ dopants is correlated with a reduction of the Ce atoms from Ce4+ towards Ce3+. In addition, it is demonstrated that most of the Fe dopants are located near the voids inside the nanoparticle. | ||||
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| Language | Wos | 000389106200007 | Publication Date | 2016-09-06 | |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 13 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | The work was supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO Vlaanderen) by project funding (G038116N, 3G004613) and by a post-doctoral research grants to B.G. S.B. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (Starting Grant no. COLOURATOMS 335078). K.J.B. acknowledges funding from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (program 639.072.005.). We would like to thank Dr. Hilde Poelman, Dr. Vladimir Galvita and Prof. Dr. Guy B. Marin for the synthesis of the investigated sample.; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | c:irua:135185 c:irua:135185 | Serial | 4123 | ||
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| Author | Alania, M.; Altantzis, T.; De Backer, A.; Lobato, I.; Bals, S.; Van Aert, S. | ||||
| Title | Depth sectioning combined with atom-counting in HAADF STEM to retrieve the 3D atomic structure | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 177 | Issue | 177 | Pages | 36-42 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | Aberration correction in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has greatly improved the lateral and depth resolution. When using depth sectioning, a technique during which a series of images is recorded at different defocus values, single impurity atoms can be visualised in three dimensions. In this paper, we investigate new possibilities emerging when combining depth sectioning and precise atom-counting in order to reconstruct nanosized particles in three dimensions. Although the depth resolution does not allow one to precisely locate each atom within an atomic column, it will be shown that the depth location of an atomic column as a whole can be measured precisely. In this manner, the morphology of a nanoparticle can be reconstructed in three dimensions. This will be demonstrated using simulations and experimental data of a gold nanorod. | ||||
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| Language | Wos | 000401219800006 | Publication Date | 2016-11-09 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 13 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative. Reference No. 312483-ESTEEM2. S. Bals acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (Starting Grant No. COLOURATOMS 335078). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium) through project fundings (G.0374.13N, G.0369.15N and G.0368.15N) and a post-doctoral grant to A. De Backer and T. Altantzis. The authors are grateful to Professor Luis M. Liz-Marzán for providing the sample.; ECAS_Sara; (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:138015UA @ admin @ c:irua:138015 | Serial | 4316 | ||
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| Author | Zanaga, D.; Altantzis, T.; Sanctorum, J.; Freitag, B.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | An alternative approach for \zeta-factor measurement using pure element nanoparticles | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | Pages | 11-16 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | It is very challenging to measure the chemical composition of hetero nanostructures in a reliable and quantitative manner. Here, we propose a novel and straightforward approach that can be used to quantify energy dispersive X-ray spectra acquired in a transmission electron microscope. Our method is based on a combination of electron tomography and the so-called zeta-factor technique. We will demonstrate the reliability of our approach as well as its applicability by investigating Au-Ag and Au-Pt hetero nanostructures. Given its simplicity, we expect that the method could become a new standard in the field of chemical characterization using electron microscopy. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000373526200002 | Publication Date | 2016-03-10 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 19 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant # 335078-COLOURATOMS) and the European Union under the FP7 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative N. 312483 – ESTEEM2). ; ecas_Sara | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:133259 | Serial | 4439 | ||
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| Author | Zhong, Z.; Goris, B.; Schoenmakers, R.; Bals, S.; Batenburg, K.J. | ||||
| Title | A bimodal tomographic reconstruction technique combining EDS-STEM and HAADF-STEM | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 174 | Issue | 174 | Pages | 35-45 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | A three-dimensional (3D) chemical characterization of nanomaterials can be obtained using tomography based on high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) or energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) STEM. These two complementary techniques have both advantages and disadvantages. The Z-contrast images have good image quality but lack robustness in the compositional analysis, while the elemental maps give more element-specific information, but at a low signal-to-noise ratio and a longer exposure time. Our aim is to combine these two types of complementary information in one single tomographic reconstruction process. Therefore, an imaging model is proposed combining both HAADF-STEM and EDS-STEM. Based on this model, the elemental distributions can be reconstructed using both types of information simultaneously during the reconstruction process. The performance of the new technique is evaluated using simulated data and real experimental data. The results demonstrate that combining two imaging modalities leads to tomographic reconstructions with suppressed noise and enhanced contrast. |
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| Language | Wos | 000403342200005 | Publication Date | 2016-12-11 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 26 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW (http://www.stw.nl/), which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation under project number 13314. It is also supported by the Flemish research foundation (FWO Vlaanderen) by project funding (G038116N) and a postdoctoral research grant to B.G. Funding from the European Research Council (Starting Grant No. COLOURATOMS 335078) is acknowledged by S.B. The authors would like to thank Dr. Bernd Rieger and Dr. Richard Aveyard for useful discussions, and Prof. Dr. Luis M. Liz-Marzan for providing the investigated samples. We also acknowledge COST Action MP1207 for networking support. (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); saraecas; ECAS_Sara; | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:141719UA @ admin @ c:irua:141719 | Serial | 4484 | ||
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| Author | Zhuge, X.; Jinnai, H.; Dunin-Borkowski, R.E.; Migunov, V.; Bals, S.; Cool, P.; Bons, A.-J.; Batenburg, K.J. | ||||
| Title | Automated discrete electron tomography – Towards routine high-fidelity reconstruction of nanomaterials | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 175 | Issue | 175 | Pages | 87-96 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Laboratory of adsorption and catalysis (LADCA) | ||||
| Abstract | Electron tomography is an essential imaging technique for the investigation of morphology and 3D structure of nanomaterials. This method, however, suffers from well-known missing wedge artifacts due to a restricted tilt range, which limits the objectiveness, repeatability and efficiency of quantitative structural analysis. Discrete tomography represents one of the promising reconstruction techniques for materials science, potentially capable of delivering higher fidelity reconstructions by exploiting the prior knowledge of the limited number of material compositions in a specimen. However, the application of discrete tomography to practical datasets remains a difficult task due to the underlying challenging mathematical problem. In practice, it is often hard to obtain consistent reconstructions from experimental datasets. In addition, numerous parameters need to be tuned manually, which can lead to bias and non-repeatability. In this paper, we present the application of a new iterative reconstruction technique, named TVR-DART, for discrete electron tomography. The technique is capable of consistently delivering reconstructions with significantly reduced missing wedge artifacts for a variety of challenging data and imaging conditions, and can automatically estimate its key parameters. We describe the principles of the technique and apply it to datasets from three different types of samples acquired under diverse imaging modes. By further reducing the available tilt range and number of projections, we show that the proposed technique can still produce consistent reconstructions with minimized missing wedge artifacts. This new development promises to provide the electron microscopy community with an easy-to-use and robust tool for high-fidelity 3D characterization of nanomaterials. |
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| Language | Wos | 000403342500008 | Publication Date | 2017-01-24 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 22 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | This work has been supported in part by the Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen (STW) through a personal grant (Veni,13610), and was in part by ExxonMobil Chemical Europe Inc. The authors further acknowledge financial support from the University of Antwerp through BOF GOA funding. S.B. acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant #335078-COLOURATOMS). R.D.B. is grateful for funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ ERC grant agreement number 320832. Thomas Altantzis is gratefully acknowledged for acquiring the Anatase nanosheets dataset. (ROMEO:green; preprint:; postprint:can ; pdfversion:cannot); saraecas; ECAS_Sara; | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @ c:irua:141218UA @ admin @ c:irua:141218 | Serial | 4485 | ||
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| Author | Zhong, Z.; Aveyard, R.; Rieger, B.; Bals, S.; Palenstijn, W.J.; Batenburg, K.J. | ||||
| Title | Automatic correction of nonlinear damping effects in HAADF-STEM tomography for nanomaterials of discrete compositions | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 184 | Issue | 184 | Pages | 57-65 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | <script type='text/javascript'>document.write(unpmarked('HAADF-STEM tomography is a common technique for characterizing the three-dimensional morphology of nanomaterials. In conventional tomographic reconstruction algorithms, the image intensity is assumed to be a linear projection of a physical property of the specimen. However, this assumption of linearity is not completely valid due to the nonlinear damping of signal intensities. The nonlinear damping effects increase w.r.t the specimen thickness and lead to so-called \u0022cupping artifacts\u0022, due to a mismatch with the linear model used in the reconstruction algorithm. Moreover, nonlinear damping effects can strongly limit the applicability of advanced reconstruction approaches such as Total Variation Minimization and discrete tomography. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for automatically correcting the nonlinear effects and the subsequent cupping artifacts. It is applicable to samples in which chemical compositions can be segmented based on image gray levels. The correction is realized by iteratively estimating the nonlinear relationship between projection intensity and sample thickness, based on which the projections are linearized. The correction and reconstruction algorithms are tested on simulated and experimental data. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.')); | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Amsterdam | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000417779800008 | Publication Date | 2017-10-31 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 8 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | ; This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW (http:// www.stw.nl/), which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation under project number 13314. Funding from the European Research Council (Starting grant no. COLOURATOMS 335078) is acknowledged by S. Bals. The authors would like to thank Dr. Thomas Altantzis and Dr. Bart Goris for providing the experimental data, and Prof. Dr. Luis M. Liz-Marzan for providing the investigated samples. ; ecas_sara | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | UA @ lucian @ c:irua:148501UA @ admin @ c:irua:148501 | Serial | 4867 | ||
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| Author | Vanrompay, H.; Skorikov, A.; Bladt, E.; Béché, A.; Freitag, B.; Verbeeck, J.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | Fast versus conventional HAADF-STEM tomography of nanoparticles: advantages and challenges | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 221 | Issue | Pages | 113191 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | HAADF-STEM tomography is a widely used experimental technique for analyzing nanometer-scale crystalline structures of a large variety of materials in three dimensions. Unfortunately, the acquisition of conventional HAADF-STEM tilt series can easily take up one hour or more, depending on the complexity of the experiment. It is therefore far from straightforward to investigate samples that do not withstand long acquisition or to acquire large amounts of tilt series during a single TEM experiment. The latter would lead to the ability to obtain statistically meaningful 3D data, or to perform in situ 3D characterizations with a much shorter time resolution. Various HAADF-STEM acquisition strategies have been proposed to accelerate the tomographic acquisition and reduce the required electron dose. These methods include tilting the holder continuously while acquiring a projection “movie” and a hybrid, incremental, methodology which combines the benefits of the conventional and continuous technique. However, until now an experimental evaluation has been lacking. In this paper, the different acquisition strategies will be experimentally compared in terms of speed, resolution and electron dose. This evaluation will be performed based on experimental tilt series acquired for various metallic nanoparticles with different shapes and sizes. We discuss the data processing involved with the fast HAADF-STEM tilt series and provide a general guideline when which acquisition strategy should be preferentially used. | ||||
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| Language | Wos | 000612539600003 | Publication Date | 2020-12-08 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 15 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | We acknowledge Prof. Luis M. Liz-Marzán and co-workers of the Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Spain for providing the Au@Ag nanoparticles, Prof. Sara. E. Skrabalak and co-workers of Indiana University, United States for the provision of the Au octopods and Prof. Teri W. Odom of Northwestern University, United States for the provision of the Au nanostars. H.V. acknowledges financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grant 1S32617N). S.B acknowledges financial support by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO grant G.0381.16N). This project received funding as well from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 731019 (EUSMI) and No 815128 (REALNANO). The authors acknowledge the entire EMAT technical staff for their support.; sygma | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @c:irua:174551 | Serial | 6660 | ||
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| Author | Li, C.; Tardajos, A.P.; Wang, D.; Choukroun, D.; Van Daele, K.; Breugelmans, T.; Bals, S. | ||||
| Title | A simple method to clean ligand contamination on TEM grids | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 221 | Issue | Pages | 113195 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT) | ||||
| Abstract | Colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) including nanowires and nanosheets made by chemical methods involve many organic ligands. When the structure of NPs is investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the organic ligands act as a source for e-beam induced deposition and this causes substantial build-up of carbon layers in the investigated areas, which is typically referred to as “contamination” in the eld of electron mi- croscopy. This contamination is often more severe for scanning TEM, a technique that is based on a focused electron beam and hence higher electron dose rate. In this paper, we report a simple and effective method to clean drop-cast TEM grids that contain NPs with ligands. Using a combination of activated carbon and ethanol, this method effectively reduces the amount of ligands on TEM grids, and therefore greatly improves the quality of electron microscopy images and subsequent analytical measurements. This ef cient and facile method can be helpful during electron microscopy investigation of different kinds of nanomaterials that suffer from ligand- induced contamination. | ||||
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| Language | Wos | 000612539600002 | Publication Date | 0000-00-00 | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 10 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | This research was funded by the University Antwerp GOA project (ID 33928). DW acknowledges an Individual Fellowship funded by the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) in Horizon 2020 program (grant 894254 SuprAtom). | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @c:irua:174947 | Serial | 6666 | ||
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| Author | Koo, J.; Dahl, A.B.; Bærentzen, J.A.; Chen, Q.; Bals, S.; Dahl, V.A. | ||||
| Title | Shape from projections via differentiable forward projector for computed tomography | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Ultramicroscopy | Abbreviated Journal |
Ultramicroscopy |
| Volume | 224 | Issue | Pages | 113239 | |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT) | ||||
| Abstract | In computed tomography, the reconstruction is typically obtained on a voxel grid. In this work, however, we propose a mesh-based reconstruction method. For tomographic problems, 3D meshes have mostly been studied to simulate data acquisition, but not for reconstruction, for which a 3D mesh means the inverse process of estimating shapes from projections. In this paper, we propose a differentiable forward model for 3D meshes that bridge the gap between the forward model for 3D surfaces and optimization. We view the forward projection as a rendering process, and make it differentiable by extending recent work in differentiable rendering. We use the proposed forward model to reconstruct 3D shapes directly from projections. Experimental results for single-object problems show that the proposed method outperforms traditional voxel-based methods on noisy simulated data. We also apply the proposed method on electron tomography images of nanoparticles to demonstrate the applicability of the method on real data. | ||||
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| Language | Wos | 000744576800008 | Publication Date | 2021-03-11 | |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0304-3991 | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 2.843 | Times cited | 3 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | EU Horizon 2020 MSCA Innovative Training Network MUMMERING Grant Number 765604. | Approved | Most recent IF: 2.843 | ||
| Call Number | EMAT @ emat @c:irua:183267 | Serial | 6825 | ||
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| Author | Adam, N.; Leroux, F.; Knapen, D.; Bals, S.; Blust, R. | ||||
| Title | The uptake and elimination of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles in Daphnia magna under chronic exposure scenarios | Type | A1 Journal article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Water research | Abbreviated Journal |
Water Res |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 68 | Pages | 249-261 |
| Keywords | A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Veterinary physiology and biochemistry | ||||
| Abstract | In this study, the uptake and elimination of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles in Daphnia magna was tested. Daphnids were exposed during 10 days to sublethal concentrations of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles and corresponding metal salts (ZnCl2 and CuCl2.2H2O), after which they were transferred to unexposed medium for another 10 days. At different times during the exposure and none-exposure, the total and internal zinc or copper concentration of the daphnids was determined and the nanoparticles were localized in the organism using electron microscopy. The exposure concentrations were characterized by measuring the dissolved, nanoparticle and aggregated fraction in the medium. The results showed that the ZnO nanoparticles quickly dissolved after addition to the medium. Contrarily, only a small fraction (corresponding to the dissolved metal salt) of the CuO nanoparticles dissolved, while most of these nanoparticles formed large aggregates. Despite an initial increase in zinc and copper concentration during the first 48 hour to 5 day exposure, the body concentration reached a plateau level that was comparable for the ZnO nanoparticles and ZnCl2, but much higher for the CuO nanoparticles (with visible aggregates accumulating in the gut) than CuCl2.2H2O. During the remaining exposure and subsequent none-exposure phase, the zinc and copper concentration decreased fast to concentrations comparable with the unexposed daphnids. The results indicate that D. magna can regulate its internal zinc and copper concentration after exposure to ZnO and CuO nanoparticles, similar as after exposure to metal salts. The combined dissolution, accumulation and toxicity results confirm that the toxicity of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles is caused by the dissolved fraction. Keywords nano; zinc; copper; dissolution; aggregation; electron microscopy | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Oxford | Editor | ||
| Language | Wos | 000347756900022 | Publication Date | 2014-10-14 | |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0043-1354; | ISBN | Additional Links | UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles | |
| Impact Factor | 6.942 | Times cited | 51 | Open Access | OpenAccess |
| Notes | ; The authors would like to thank Valentine Mubiana and Steven Joosen (Sphere, UA) for performing the ICP-MS and ICP-OES measurements and Prof. Dr. Gustaaf Van Tendeloo for making the collaboration between the EMAT and Sphere group possible. This study is part of the ENNSATOX-project, which was funded by the EU (NMP4-SL-2009-229244). The authors report no conflicts of interest. ; | Approved | Most recent IF: 6.942; 2015 IF: 5.528 | ||
| Call Number | c:irua:119366 c:irua:119366 | Serial | 3822 | ||
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