“X-ray and electron spectroscopy investigation of the coreshell nanowires of ZnO:Mn”. Guda AA, Smolentsev N, Verbeeck J, Kaidashev EM, Zubavichus Y, Kravtsova AN, Polozhentsev OE, Soldatov AV, Solid state communications 151, 1314 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2011.06.028
Abstract: ZnO/ZnO:Mn coreshell nanowires were studied by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the Mn K- and L2,3-edges and electron energy loss spectroscopy of the O K-edge. The combination of conventional X-ray and nanofocused electron spectroscopies together with advanced theoretical analysis turned out to be fruitful for the clear identification of the Mn phase in the volume of the coreshell structures. Theoretical simulations of spectra, performed using the full-potential linear augmented plane wave approach, confirm that the shell of the nanowires, grown by the pulsed laser deposition method, is a real dilute magnetic semiconductor with Mn2+ atoms at the Zn sites, while the core is pure ZnO.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 1.554
Times cited: 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.ssc.2011.06.028
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“Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy: an overview”. Verbeeck J, van Dyck D, Van Tendeloo G, Spectrochimica acta: part B : atomic spectroscopy 59, 1529 (2004). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2004.03.020
Abstract: This paper aims to give an overview of the technique of energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). It explains the basic principles of the technique and points to the relevant literature for more detailed issues. Experimental examples are given to show the power of EFTEM to study the chemical composition of nanoscale samples in materials science. Advanced EFTEM applications like imaging spectroscopy and EFTEM tomography are briefly discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 3.241
Times cited: 37
DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2004.03.020
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“Barrier efficiency of sponge-like La2Zr2O7 buffer layers for YBCO-coated conductors”. Molina L, Tan H, Biermans E, Batenburg KJ, Verbeeck J, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G, Superconductor science and technology 24, 065019 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/24/6/065019
Abstract: Solution derived La2Zr2O7 films have drawn much attention for potential applications as thermal barriers or low-cost buffer layers for coated conductor technology. Annealing and coating parameters strongly affect the microstructure of La2Zr2O7, but different film processing methods can yield similar microstructural features such as nanovoids and nanometer-sized La2Zr2O7 grains. Nanoporosity is a typical feature found in such films and the implications for the functionality of the films are investigated by a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and quantitative electron tomography. Chemical solution based La2Zr2O7 films deposited on flexible Ni5 at.%W substrates with a {100}lang001rang biaxial texture were prepared for an in-depth characterization. A sponge-like structure composed of nanometer-sized voids is revealed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron tomography. A three-dimensional quantification of nanovoids in the La2Zr2O7 film is obtained on a local scale. Mostly non-interconnected highly faceted nanovoids compromise more than one-fifth of the investigated sample volume. The diffusion barrier efficiency of a 170 nm thick La2Zr2O7 film is investigated by STEM-EELS, yielding a 1.8 ± 0.2 nm oxide layer beyond which no significant nickel diffusion can be detected and intermixing is observed. This is of particular significance for the functionality of YBa2Cu3O7 − δ coated conductor architectures based on solution derived La2Zr2O7 films as diffusion barriers.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.878
Times cited: 31
DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/24/6/065019
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“Interlayer structure in YBCO-coated conductors prepared by chemical solution deposition”. Molina L, Egoavil R, Turner S, Thersleff T, Verbeeck J, Holzapfel B, Eibl O, Van Tendeloo G, Superconductor science and technology 26, 075016 (2013). http://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/26/7/075016
Abstract: The functionality of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO)-coated conductor technology depends on the reliability and microstructural properties of a given tape or wire architecture. Particularly, the interface to the metal tape is of interest since it determines the adhesion, mechanical stability of the film and thermal contact of the film to the substrate. A trifluoroacetate (TFA)metal organic deposition (MOD) prepared YBCO film deposited on a chemical solution-derived buffer layer architecture based on CeO2/La2Zr2O7 and grown on a flexible Ni5 at.%W substrate with a {100}⟨001⟩ biaxial texture was investigated. The YBCO film had a thickness was 440 nm and a jc of 1.02 MA cm−2 was determined at 77 K and zero external field. We present a sub-nanoscale analysis of a fully processed solution-derived YBCO-coated conductor by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). For the first time, structural and chemical analysis of the valence has been carried out on the sub-nm scale. Intermixing of Ni, La, Ce, O and Ba takes place at these interfaces and gives rise to nanometer-sized interlayers which are a by-product of the sequential annealing process. Two distinct interfacial regions were analyzed in detail: (i) the YBCO/CeO2/La2Zr2O7 region (10 nm interlayer) and (ii) the La2Zr2O7/Ni5 at.%W substrate interface region (20 nm NiO). This is of particular significance for the functionality of these YBCO-coated conductor architectures grown by chemical solution deposition.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.878
Times cited: 11
DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/26/7/075016
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“Using the macroscopic scale to predict the nano-scale behavior of YSZ thin films”. Lamas JS, Leroy WP, Lu Y-G, Verbeeck J, Van Tendeloo G, Depla D, Surface and coatings technology 238, 45 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.10.034
Abstract: In this work, Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films were deposited using dual reactive magnetron sputtering. By varying the deposition conditions, the film morphology and texture of the thin films are tuned and biaxial alignment is obtained. Studying the crystallographic and microstructural properties of the YSZ thin films, a tilted columnar growth was identified. This tilt is shown to be dependent on the compositional gradient of the sample. The variation of composition within a single YSZ column measured via STEM-EDX is demonstrated to be equal to the macroscopic variation on a full YSZ sample when deposited under the same deposition parameters. A simple stress model was developed to predict the tilt of the growing columns. The results indicate that this model not only determines the column bending of the growing film but also confirms that a macroscopic approach is sufficient to determine the compositional gradient in a single column of the YSZ thin films. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.589
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.10.034
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“Non-invasive and non-destructive examination of artistic pigments, paints, and paintings by means of X-Ray methods”. Janssens K, van der Snickt G, Vanmeert F, Legrand S, Nuyts G, Alfeld M, Monico L, Anaf W, de Nolf W, Vermeulen M, Verbeeck J, De Wael K, Topics in Current Chemistry 374, 81 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1007/S41061-016-0079-2
Abstract: Recent studies are concisely reviewed, in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples, and/or entire paintings from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century painters. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging, as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic XRF is a variant of the method that is well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi-layers, on the length scale from 1 to 100 μm inside micro-samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists pigments subjected to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and/or Raman microscopy since these methods deliver complementary information of high molecular specificity at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples, taken from a given work of art, may not yield representative information about the entire artefact, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Those based on XRF scanning and full-field hyperspectral imaging appear very promising; some recent published results are discussed.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)
Impact Factor: 4.033
Times cited: 50
DOI: 10.1007/S41061-016-0079-2
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“Accuracy and precision in model based EELS quantification”. Bertoni G, Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 108, 782 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.01.004
Abstract: We present results on model based quantification of electron energy loss spectra (EELS), focusing on the factors that influence accuracy and precision in determining chemical concentrations. Several sources of systematical errors are investigated. The spectrometer entrance aperture determines the collection angle, and the effects of its position with respect to the transmitted beam are investigated, taking into account the diffraction by the crystal structure. The effect of the orientation of the sample is tested experimentally and theoretically on SrTiO3, and finally, a simulated experiment on c-BN at different thicknesses confirms the superior results of the model based method with respect to the conventional method. A test on a set of experimental reference compounds is presented, showing that remarkably good accuracy can be obtained. Recommendations are given to achieve high accuracy and precision in practice. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 44
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.01.004
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“Acquisition of the EELS data cube by tomographic reconstruction”. van den Broek W, Verbeeck J, de Backer S, Scheunders P, Schryvers D, Ultramicroscopy 106, 269 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.09.001
Abstract: Energy filtered TEM, EFTEM, provides three-dimensional data, two spatial and one spectral dimension. We propose to acquire these data by measuring a series of images with a defocused energy filter. It will be shown that each image is a projection of the data on the detector and that reconstruction of the data out of a sufficient number of such projections using a tomographic reconstruction algorithm is possible. This technique uses only a fraction of the electron dose an energy filtered series (EFS) needs for the same spectral and spatial resolution and the same mean signal-to-noise ratio. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 6
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.09.001
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“Atomic resolution mapping of phonon excitations in STEM-EELS experiments”. Egoavil R, Gauquelin N, Martinez GT, Van Aert S, Van Tendeloo G, Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 147, 1 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.011
Abstract: Atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments are commonplace in modern aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopes. Energy resolution has also been increasing steadily with the continuous improvement of electron monochromators. Electronic excitations however are known to be delocalized due to the long range interaction of the charged accelerated electrons with the electrons in a sample. This has made several scientists question the value of combined high spatial and energy resolution for mapping interband transitions and possibly phonon excitation in crystals. In this paper we demonstrate experimentally that atomic resolution information is indeed available at very low energy losses around 100 meV expressed as a modulation of the broadening of the zero loss peak. Careful data analysis allows us to get a glimpse of what are likely phonon excitations with both an energy loss and gain part. These experiments confirm recent theoretical predictions on the strong localization of phonon excitations as opposed to electronic excitations and show that a combination of atomic resolution and recent developments in increased energy resolution will offer great benefit for mapping phonon modes in real space.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 22
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.011
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“Creating arrays of electron vortices”. Niermann T, Verbeeck J, Lehmann M, Ultramicroscopy 136, 165 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.002
Abstract: We demonstrate the production of an ordered array of electron vortices making use of an electron optical setup consisting of two electrostatic biprisms. The biprism filaments are oriented nearly orthogonal with respect to each other in a transmission electron microscope. Matching the position of the filaments, we can choose to form different topological features in the electron wave. We outline the working principle of the setup and demonstrate fist experimental results. This setup partially bridges the gap between angular momentum carried by electron spin, which is intrinsic and therefore present in any position of the wave, and angular momentum carried by the vortex character of the wave, which can be extrinsic depending on the axis around which it is measured. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.002
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“Deconvolution of core electron energy loss spectra”. Verbeeck J, Bertoni G, Ultramicroscopy 109, 1343 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.06.010
Abstract: Different deconvolution methods for removing multiple scattering and instrumental broadening from core loss electron energy loss spectra are compared with special attention to the artefacts they introduce. The Gaussian modifier method, Wiener filter, maximum entropy, and model based methods are described. Their performance is compared on virtual spectra where the true single scattering distribution is known. A test on experimental spectra confirms the good performance of model based deconvolution in comparison to maximum entropy methods and shows the advantage of knowing the estimated error bars from a single spectrum acquisition.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 13
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.06.010
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“Direct space structure solution from precession electron diffraction data: resolving heavy and light scatterers in Pb13Mn9O25”. Hadermann J, Abakumov AM, Tsirlin AA, Filonenko VP, Gonnissen J, Tan H, Verbeeck J, Gemmi M, Antipov EV, Rosner H, Ultramicroscopy 110, 881 (2010). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.03.012
Abstract: The crystal structure of a novel compound Pb13Mn9O25 has been determined through a direct space structure solution with a Monte-Carlo-based global optimization using precession electron diffraction data (a=14.177(3) Å, c=3.9320(7) Å, SG P4/m, RF=0.239) and compositional information obtained from energy dispersive X-ray analysis and electron energy loss spectroscopy. This allowed to obtain a reliable structural model even despite the simultaneous presence of both heavy (Pb) and light (O) scattering elements and to validate the accuracy of the electron diffraction-based structure refinement. This provides an important benchmark for further studies of complex structural problems with electron diffraction techniques. Pb13Mn9O25 has an anion- and cation-deficient perovskite-based structure with the A-positions filled by the Pb atoms and 9/13 of the B positions filled by the Mn atoms in an ordered manner. MnO6 octahedra and MnO5 tetragonal pyramids form a network by sharing common corners. Tunnels are formed in the network due to an ordered arrangement of vacancies at the B-sublattice. These tunnels provide sufficient space for localization of the lone 6s2 electron pairs of the Pb2+ cations, suggested as the driving force for the structural difference between Pb13Mn9O25 and the manganites of alkali-earth elements with similar compositions.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 24
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.03.012
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“An efficient way of including thermal diffuse scattering in simulation of scanning transmission electron microscopic images”. Croitoru MD, van Dyck D, Van Aert S, Bals S, Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 106, 933 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.04.006
Abstract: We propose an improved image simulation procedure for atomic-resolution annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) based on the multislice formulation, which takes thermal diffuse scattering fully into account. The improvement with regard to the classical frozen phonon approach is realized by separating the lattice configuration statistics from the dynamical scattering so as to avoid repetitive calculations. As an example, the influence of phonon scattering on the image contrast is calculated and investigated. STEM image simulation of crystals can be applied with reasonable computing times to problems involving a large number of atoms and thick or large supercells.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Condensed Matter Theory (CMT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 18
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.04.006
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“Electron inelastic, scattering and anisotropy: the two-dimensional point of view”. Radtke G, Botton GA, Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 106, 1082 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.04.023
Abstract: The measurement of the electronic structure of anisotropic materials using energy loss near edge structure (ELNES) spectroscopy is an important field of microanalysis in transmission electron microscopy. We present a novel method to study the angular dependence of electron inelastic scattering in anisotropic materials. This method has been applied to the study of 1s -> pi* and sigma* transitions on the carbon K edge in pyrolitic graphite. An excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical two-dimensional scattering patterns has been found. In particular, the need of a fully relativistic calculation of the inelastic scattering cross-section to explain the experimental results is demonstrated. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 5
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.04.023
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“Experiments on inelastic electron holography”. Potapov P, Lichte H, Verbeeck J, van Dyck D, Ultramicroscopy 106, 1012 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.012
Abstract: Using the combination of an electron biprism and an energy filter, the coherence distribution in an inelastically scattered wave-field is measured. It is found that the degree of coherence decreases rapidly with increasing distance between two superimposed points in the object, and with increasing energy-loss. In a Si sample, coherence of plasmon scattering increases in vacuum with the distance from the edge of the sample. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 28
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.012
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“Exploring different inelastic projection mechanisms for electron tomography”. Goris B, Bals S, van den Broek W, Verbeeck J, Van Tendeloo G, Ultramicroscopy 111, 1262 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.02.007
Abstract: Several different projection mechanisms that all make use of inelastically scattered electrons are used for electron tomography. The advantages and the disadvantages of these methods are compared to HAADFSTEM tomography, which is considered as the standard electron tomography technique in materials science. The different inelastic setups used are energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), thickness mapping based on the log-ratio method and bulk plasmon mapping. We present a comparison that can be used to select the best inelastic signal for tomography, depending on different parameters such as the beam stability and nature of the sample. The appropriate signal will obviously also depend on the exact information which is requested.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 21
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.02.007
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“A holographic biprism as a perfect energy filter?”.Verbeeck J, Bertoni G, Lichte H, Ultramicroscopy 111, 887 (2011). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.01.042
Abstract: It has often been stated that a holographic biprism represents a near perfect energy filter and only elastically scattered electrons can participate in the interference fringes. This is based on the assumption that the reference wave does not contain inelastically scattered electrons. In this letter we show that this is not exactly true because of the delocalised inelastic interaction of the reference wave with the sample. We experimentally and theoretically show that inelastic scattering plays a role in the fringe formation, but it is shown that this contribution is small and can usually be neglected in practice. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 13
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.01.042
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“A holographic method to measure the source size broadening in STEM”. Verbeeck J, Béché, A, van den Broek W, Ultramicroscopy 120, 35 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.05.007
Abstract: Source size broadening is an important resolution limiting effect in modern STEM experiments. Here, we propose an alternative method to measure the source size broadening making use of a holographic biprism to create interference patterns in an empty Ronchigram. This allows us to measure the exact shape of the source size broadening with a much better sampling than previously possible. We find that the shape of the demagnified source deviates considerably from a Gaussian profile that is often assumed. We fit the profile with a linear combination of a Gaussian and a bivariate Cauchy distribution showing that even though the full width at half maximum is similar to previously reported measurements, the tails of the profile are considerable wider. This is of fundamental importance for quantitative comparison of STEM simulations with experiments as these tails make the image contrast dependent on the interatomic distance, an effect that cannot be reproduced by a single Gaussian profile of fixed width alone.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 29
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.05.007
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“Homogeneity and composition of AlInGaN : a multiprobe nanostructure study”. Krause FF, Ahl JP, Tytko D, Choi PP, Egoavil R, Schowalter M, Mehrtens T, Müller-Caspary K, Verbeeck J, Raabe D, Hertkorn J, Engl K, Rosenauer A, Ultramicroscopy 156, 29 (2015). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.04.012
Abstract: The electronic properties of quaternary AlInGaN devices significantly depend on the homogeneity of the alloy. The identification of compositional fluctuations or verification of random-alloy distribution is hence of grave importance. Here, a comprehensive multiprobe study of composition and compositional homogeneity is presented, investigating AlInGaN layers with indium concentrations ranging from 0 to 17 at% and aluminium concentrations between 0 and 39 at% employing high-angle annular dark field scanning electron microscopy (HAADF STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atom probe tomography (APT). EDX mappings reveal distributions of local concentrations which are in good agreement with random alloy atomic distributions. This was hence investigated with HAADF STEM by comparison with theoretical random alloy expectations using statistical tests. To validate the performance of these tests, HAADF STEM image simulations were carried out for the case of a random-alloy distribution of atoms and for the case of In-rich clusters with nanometer dimensions. The investigated samples, which were grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), were thereby found to be homogeneous on this nanometer scale. Analysis of reconstructions obtained from APT measurements yielded matching results. Though HAADF STEM only allows for the reduction of possible combinations of indium and aluminium concentrations to the proximity of isolines in the two-dimensional composition space. The observed ranges of composition are in good agreement with the EDX and APT results within the respective precisions.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 11
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.04.012
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“Image simulation of high resolution energy filtered TEM images”. Verbeeck J, Sc hattschneider P, Rosenauer A, Ultramicroscopy 109, 350 (2009). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.01.003
Abstract: Inelastic image simulation software is presented, implementing the double channeling approximation which takes into account the combination of multiple elastic and single inelastic scattering in a crystal. The approach is described with a density matrix formalism. Two applications in high resolution energy filtered (EFTEM) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images are presented: thickness-defocus maps for SrTiO3 and exit plane intensities for an (LaAlO3)3(SrTiO3)3 multilayer system. Both systems show a severe breakdown in direct interpretability which becomes worse for higher acceleration voltages, thicker samples and lower excitation edge energies. Since this effect already occurs in the exit plane intensity, it is a fundamental limit and image simulations in EFTEM are indispensable just as they are indispensable for elastic high resolution TEM images.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 36
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.01.003
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“Inelastic electron holography as a variant of the Feynman thought experiment”. Potapov PL, Verbeeck J, Schattschneider P, Lichte H, van Dyck D, Ultramicroscopy 107, 559 (2007). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.11.003
Abstract: Using a combination of electron holography and energy filtering, interference fringes produced after inelastic interaction of electrons with hydrogen molecules are examined. Surprisingly, the coherence of inelastic scattering increases when moving from the surface of a hydrogen-containing bubble to the vacuum. This phenomenon can be understood in terms of the Feynman two-slit thought experiment with a variable ambiguity of the which-way registration. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 13
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.11.003
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“Interpretation of “Energy-filtered electron-diffracted beam holography&rdquo, by R.A. Herring”. Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 106, 461 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.12.004
Abstract: A straightforward application of the theoretical framework presented by Verbeeck et al. [Ultramicroscopy 102 (2005) 239] is presented to explain the energy-filtered electron-diffracted beam holography experiments published by Herring [Ultramicroscopy 104 (2005) 261]. It is shown that the theory is in agreement with all experimental findings, which leads to the interpretation that the experiments are mainly measuring the angular coherence of the source image rather than exposing details on the coherence properties of inelastic scattering. A change in experimental parameters is proposed, which could result in interesting information about the coherence in all inelastic scattering process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 8
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.12.004
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“Is magnetic chiral dichroism feasible with electron vortices?”.Schattschneider P, Löffler S, Stöger-Pollach M, Verbeeck J, Ultramicroscopy 136, 81 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.07.012
Abstract: We discuss the feasibility of detecting magnetic transitions with focused electron vortex probes, suggested by selection rules for the magnetic quantum number. We theoretically estimate the dichroic signal strength in the L2,3 edge of ferromagnetic d metals. It is shown that under realistic conditions, the dichroic signal is undetectable for nanoparticles larger than View the MathML source. This is confirmed by a key experiment with nanometer-sized vortices.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 64
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.07.012
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“Model based quantification of EELS spectra”. Verbeeck J, Van Aert S, Ultramicroscopy 101, 207 (2004). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.06.004
Abstract: Recent advances in model based quantification of electron energy loss spectra (EELS) are reported. The maximum likelihood method for the estimation of physical parameters describing an EELS spectrum, the validation of the model used in this estimation procedure, and the computation of the attainable precision, that is, the theoretical lower bound on the variance of these estimates, are discussed. Experimental examples on An and GaAs samples show the power of the maximum likelihood method and show that the theoretical prediction of the attainable precision can be closely approached even for spectra with overlapping edges where conventional EELS quantification fails. To provide end-users with a low threshold alternative to conventional quantification, a user friendly program was developed which is freely available under a GNU public license. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 147
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.06.004
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“Model-based quantification of EELS spectra: including the fine structure”. Verbeeck J, Van Aert S, Bertoni G, Ultramicroscopy 106, 976 (2006). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.006
Abstract: An extension to model-based electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) quantification is reported to improve the possibility of modelling fine structure changes in electron energy loss spectra. An equalisation function is used in the energy loss near edge structure (ELNES) region to model the differences between a single atom differential cross section and the cross section for an atom in a crystal. The equalisation function can be shown to approximate the relative density of unoccupied states for the given excitation edge. On a set of 200 experimental h-BN spectra, this technique leads to statistically acceptable models resulting into unbiased estimates of relative concentrations and making the estimated precisions come very close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The method greatly expands the useability of model-based EELS quantification to spectra with pronounced fine structure. Another benefit of this model is that one also gets an estimate of the unoccupied density of states for a given excitation edge, without having to do background removal and deconvolution, making the outcome intrinsically more reliable and less noisy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 38
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.006
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“Model-based quantification of EELS spectra: treating the effect of correlated noise”. Verbeeck J, Bertoni G, Ultramicroscopy 108, 74 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.03.004
Abstract: Correlated noise is generally present in experimentally recorded electron energy loss spectra due to a non-ideal electron detector. In this contribution we describe a method to experimentally measure the noise properties of the detector as well as the consequences it has for model-based quantification using maximum likelihood. The effect of the correlated noise on the maximum likelihood fitting results can be shown to be negligible for the estimated (co)variance of the parameters while an experimentally obtained scaling factor is required to correct the likelihood ratio test for the reduction of noise power with frequency. Both effects are derived theoretically under a set of approximations and tested for a range of signal-to-noise values using numerical experiments. Finally, an experimental example shows that the correction for correlated noise is essential and should always be included in the fitting procedure. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 16
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.03.004
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“A new way of producing electron vortex probes for STEM”. Verbeeck J, Tian H, Béché, A, Ultramicroscopy 113, 83 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.10.008
Abstract: A spiral holographic aperture is used in the condensor plane of a scanning transmission electron microscope to produce a focussed electron vortex probe carrying a topological charge of either −1, 0 or +1. The spiral aperture design has a major advantage over the previously used forked aperture in that the three beams with topological charge m=−1, 0, and 1 are not side by side in the specimen plane, but rather on top of each other, focussed at different heights. This allows us to have only one selected beam in focus on the sample while the others contribute only to a background signal. In this paper we describe the working principle as well as first experimental results demonstrating atomic resolution HAADF STEM images obtained with electron vortex probes. These results pave the way for atomic resolution magnetic information when combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 62
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.10.008
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“Optimal aperture sizes and positions for EMCD experiments”. Verbeeck J, Hébert, Rubino S, Novák P, Rusz J, Houdellier F, Gatel C, Schattschneider P, Ultramicroscopy 108, 865 (2008). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.02.007
Abstract: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD)the equivalent of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in the electron microscopeis optimized with respect to the detector shape, size and position. We show that an important increase in SNR over previous experiments can be obtained when taking much larger detector sizes. We determine the ideal shape of the detector but also show that round apertures are a good compromise if placed in their optimal position. We develop the theory for a simple analytical description of the EMCD experiment and then apply it to dynamical multibeam Bloch wave calculations and to an experimental data set. In all cases it is shown that a significant and welcome improvement of the SNR is possible.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 27
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.02.007
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“Oxidation state and chemical shift investigation in transition metal oxides by EELS”. Tan H, Verbeeck J, Abakumov A, Van Tendeloo G, Ultramicroscopy 116, 24 (2012). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.03.002
Abstract: Transition metal L2,3 electron energy-loss spectra for a wide range of V-, Mn- and Fe-based oxides were recorded and carefully analyzed for their correlation with the formal oxidation states of the transition metal ions. Special attention is paid to obtain an accurate energy scale which provides absolute energy positions for all core-loss edges. The white-line ratio method, chemical shift method, ELNES fitting method, two-parameter method and other methods are compared and their validity is discussed. Both the ELNES fitting method and the chemical shift method have the advantage of a wide application range and good consistency but require special attention to accurately measure the core-loss edge position. The obtained conclusions are of fundamental importance, e.g., for obtaining atomic resolution oxidation state information in modern experiments.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT)
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 413
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.03.002
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“Plasmon holographic experiments: theoretical framework”. Verbeeck J, van Dyck D, Lichte H, Potapov P, Schattschneider P, Ultramicroscopy 102, 239 (2005). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.10.005
Abstract: A theoretical framework is described to understand the results of plasmon holography experiments leading to insight in the meaning of the experimental results and pointing out directions for future experiments. The framework is based on the formalism of mutual intensity to describe how coherence is transferred through an optical system. For the inelastic interaction with the object, an expression for the volume. plasmon excitations in a free electron gas is used as a model for the behaviour of aluminium. The formalism leads to a clear graphical intuitive tool for under-standing the experiments. It becomes evident that the measured coherence is solely related to the angular distribution of the plasmon scattering in the case of bulk plasmons. After describing the framework, the special case of coherence outside a spherical particle is treated and the seemingly controversial idea of a plasmon with a limited coherence length obtained front experiments is clarified. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); Vision lab
Impact Factor: 2.843
Times cited: 43
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.10.005
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