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Author Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title Synchrotron radiation in art and archaeology Type Editorial
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 5 Pages 883-884  
  Keywords Editorial; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000289731900001 Publication Date 2011-04-13  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 5 Open Access  
  Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:89918 Serial 5864  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; de Nolf, W.; van der Snickt, G. doi  openurl
  Title Optimization of mobile scanning macro-XRF systems for the in situ investigation of historical paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 5 Pages 899-909  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Elemental distribution maps are of great interest in the study of historical paintings, as they allow to investigate the pigment use of the artist, to image changes made in the painting during or after its creation and in some cases to reveal discarded paintings that were later over painted. Yet a method that allows to record such maps of a broad range of elements in a fast, non-destructive and in situ manner is not yet commonly available; a dedicated mobile scanning XRF instrument might fill this gap. In this paper we present three self-built scanning macro-XRF instruments, each based on the experience gained with its precursor. These instruments are compared in terms of sensitivity and limits of detection, which includes a discussion of the use of polycapillary optics and pinhole collimators as beam defining devices. Furthermore, the imaging capabilities of the instruments are demonstrated in three exemplary cases: (parts of) historical paintings from the 15th to the 19th century are examined. These cases illustrate the value of element specific distribution maps in the study of historical paintings and allow in the case of Vincent van Gogh's Patch of Grass a direct comparison between in situ and synchrotron based scanning macro-XRF.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000289731900004 Publication Date 2011-03-21  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 107 Open Access  
  Notes ; The investigation of the “Triptych of the Seven Sacraments'' was done in collaboration with Griet Steyaert, independent restorer, and Lizet Klaassen, Royal Museum of Fine Arts (Antwerp, Belgium). The investigation of ”Patch of Grass'' was realized in collaboration with Luuk van der Loeff, Kroller-Muller-Museum (Otterlo, The Netherlands). M. Alfeld is a PhD fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16) NACHO. The text also presents results of GOA "XANES meets ELNES'' (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0103.04, G.0689.06 and G.0704.08. Further, the work presented was sponsored by the Innovational Research Incentives Scheme of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, NWO (proj. no. 016.118.303). ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:89919 Serial 5758  
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Author de Nolf, W.; Dik, J.; van der Snickt, G.; Wallert, A.; Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title High energy X-ray powder diffraction for the imaging of (hidden) paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 5 Pages 910-916  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Over the past few years a number of innovative imaging techniques have been introduced for the visualization of hidden paint layers in Old Master Paintings. These include X-ray fluorescence scanning, TeraHertz imaging, optical coherence tomography and other acoustics-based forms of visualization. All of these techniques are usually a trade-off between their penetrative capability on the one side and their analytical precision in terms of spatial resolution and material identification on the other. Here, we present the first-time use of High-Energy X-ray Powder Diffraction imaging (HE-XRPD) in the study of hidden layers in paintings. As an imaging tool, it combines high-depth sensitivity with fingerprint identification of most inorganic painting materials. The potential as well as some limitations of this technique are demonstrated using model paintings as well as an authentic 16th century painting.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000289731900005 Publication Date 2011-03-17  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 34 Open Access  
  Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:89922 Serial 5640  
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Author Radepont, M.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.; van der Snickt, G.; Coquinot, Y.; Klaassen, L.; Cotte, M. doi  openurl
  Title The use of microscopic X-ray diffraction for the study of HgS and its degradation products corderoite (\alpha-Hg3S2Cl2), kenhsuite (\gamma-Hg3S2Cl2) and calomel (Hg2Cl2) in historical paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 5 Pages 959-968  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Since antiquity, the red pigment mercury sulfide (α-HgS), called cinnabar in its natural form or vermilion red when synthetic, was very often used in frescoes and paintings, even if it was known to suffer occasionally from degradation. The paint hereby acquires a black or silver-grey aspect. The chemical characterization of these alteration products is rather challenging mainly because of the micrometric size and heterogeneity of the surface layers that develop and that are responsible for the color change. Methods such as electron microscopy, synchrotron-based microscopic X-ray fluorescence, microscopic X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, Raman microscopy and secondary ion microscopy have been previously employed to identify the (Hg- and S-) compounds present and to study their co-localization. Next to these, also microscopic X-ray diffraction (XRD) (either by making use of laboratory X-ray sources or when used at a synchrotron facility) allows the identification of the crystal phases that are present in degraded HgS paint layers. In this paper we employ these various forms of micro-XRD to analyze degraded red paint in different paintings and compare the results with other X-ray based methods. Whereas the elemental analyses of the degradation products revealed, next to mercury and sulfur, the presence of chlorine, X-ray diffraction allowed the identification, next to α-HgS, of the Hg and S-containing compound calomel (Hg2Cl2) but also of the Hg, S and Cl-containing minerals corderoite (α-Hg3S2Cl2) and kenhsuite (γ-Hg3S2Cl2). These observations are consistent with X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements performed at the S- and Cl-edges.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000289731900011 Publication Date 2011-03-03  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 40 Open Access  
  Notes ; The authors gratefully acknowledge GOA programme “XANES meets EELS'' (University of Antwerp Research Council), the IUAP VI/P16 programme ”Nacho'' (BELSPO, Brussels, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0689.06, G.0704.08 and G017909N for financial support, the ESRF for granting beamtime under proposals no. EC442 and EC720, and Gema Martinez-Criado for practical help on ID18F. The KMSKA staff is also gratefully acknowledged for their help and interest. Javier Chillida is thanked for providing us with the Pedralbes samples. The authors are also indebted to the CHARISMA project (grant agreement 228330) for financial support. ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:89927 Serial 5896  
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Author Meulebroeck, W.; Cosyns, P.; Baert, K.; Wouters, H.; Cagno, S.; Janssens, K.; Terryn, H.; Nys, K.; Thienpont, H. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Optical spectroscopy as a rapid and low-cost tool for the first-line analysis of glass artefacts : a step-by-step plan for Roman green glass Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of archaeological science Abbreviated Journal J Archaeol Sci  
  Volume 38 Issue 9 Pages 2387-2398  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Archaeometric research on glass artefacts is continuously evolving and is converging towards a multidisciplinary research domain where different types of techniques are applied depending on the questions asked and the circumstances involved. The technique described in this work is optical spectroscopy. The benefit of this technique being the possibility of building up a knowledge database for a large amount of material in a relatively short period of time and with a relatively limited budget. This is of particular interest for the investigation of extensive and/or unexplored glass collections where a first-line analysis of artefacts could facilitate the selection of material needing further and more detailed examination. This publication explores the extent to which optical spectroscopy can be used for a first-line analysis of green coloured glass artefacts from the Roman period. It is shown that the colour coordinates calculated from the measured transmission spectrum could reveal information about the fragment under study. In particular it is shown that 1) based on the position of the calculated colour values on the colour diagram (CIE1931) one could easily know whether the artefact was coloured using only iron or if copper oxides were also present. In the case of the artefact owing its colour solely to the presence of iron, the distance between the measured colour values and the colour diagrams white point can roughly indicate the iron concentration of the sample; 2) artefacts that were fabricated under similar furnace conditions can also be identified on the colour diagram; 3) samples with identical compositions and fabrication conditions but with different sample thickness, gave rise to a variation in the colour coordinates, thus allowing optical spectroscopy to help identify fragments which might belong to the same object.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000293551200037 Publication Date 2011-05-12  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0305-4403 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.602 Times cited 18 Open Access  
  Notes ; The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Vrije Universiteit Brussel for funding this research in the framework of HOA15, a “Horizontal Research Action” which encourages collaboration between research groups from different departments within the same University having expertise in specific research disciplines and also to the OZR-project 1247 BOF. The authors are also very grateful to the following persons for having permitted the study of their material: Rica Annaert and Sofie Vanhoutte of the “Vlaams lnstituut voor Onroerend Erfgoed (VIOE): Grobbendonk, Matagne-la-Petite, Oudenburg; Jean-Louis Antoine of the Musee Archeologique Namur: Nismes; Tom Debruyne of the ”Erfgoedcel“ Tienen: Tienen: Marc Rogge and Kurt Braeckman of the ”Provinciaal Archeologisch Museum (PAM)": Kruishoutem, Velzeke; Walter Sevenants: Rumst and Anne de Pyre-Gysel from the Musee Romain d'Avenches: Avenches. ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.602; 2011 IF: 1.914  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:92389 Serial 5756  
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Author van der Linden, V.; Meesdom, E.; Devos, A.; van Dooren, R.; Nieuwdorp, H.; Janssen, E.; Balace, S.; Vekemans, B.; Vincze, L.; Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title PXRF, \mu-XRF, vacuum \mu-XRF, and EPMA analysis of Email Champlevé objects present in Belgian museums Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Microscopy and microanalysis Abbreviated Journal Microsc Microanal  
  Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages 674-685  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The enamel of 20 Email Champlevé objects dating between the 12th and 19th centuries was investigated by means of microscopic and portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF and PXRF). Seven of these objects were microsampled and the fragments were analyzed with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and vacuum μ-XRF to obtain quantitative data about the composition of the glass used to produce these enameled objects. As a result of the evolution of the raw materials employed to produce the base glass, three different compositional groups could be discriminated. The first group consisted of soda-lime-silica glass with a sodium source of mineral origin (with low K content) that was opacified by addition of calcium antimonate crystals. This type of glass was only used in objects made in the 12th century. Email Champlevé objects from the beginning of the 13th century onward were enameled with soda-lime-silica glass with a sodium source of vegetal origin. This type of glass, which has a higher potassium content, was opacified with SnO2 crystals. The glass used for 19th century Email Champlevé artifacts was produced with synthetic and purified components resulting in a different chemical composition compared to the other groups. Although the four analytical techniques employed in this study have their own specific characteristics, they were all found to be suitable for classifying the objects into the different chronological categories.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000295609100005 Publication Date 2011-09-23  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1431-9276 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.891 Times cited 9 Open Access  
  Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.891; 2011 IF: 3.007  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:92827 Serial 5791  
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Author van der Snickt, G.; Miliani, C.; Janssens, K.; Brunetti, B.G.; Romani, A.; Rosi, F.; Walter, P.; Castaing, J.; de Nolf, W.; Klaassen, L.; Labarque, I.; Wittermann, R. doi  openurl
  Title Material analyses of “Christ with singing and music-making Angels”, a late 15th-C panel painting attributed to Hans Memling and assistants : part 1 : non-invasive in situ investigations Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 11 Pages 2216-2229  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract In cultural heritage science, compositional data is traditionally obtained from works of art through the analysis of samples by means of various bench-top instruments (scanning electron microscope, Raman spectrometer, etc.). Alternatively, the object can be transported to a laboratory where it may be examined, usually by spectroscopic methods working in reflection mode. However, this paper describes how a complementary set of mobile and portable instruments was deployed in situ to gain a comprehensive view on the materials and related ageing compounds of an (almost) unmovable 15th-C polyptych, prior to and in preparation of the extraction of a limited number of samples. In line with the methodological approach discussed, PXRF was first employed as an efficient screening tool. The ensuing elemental data was supplemented by more specific information on both organic as inorganic materials supplied by reflection near- and mid-FTIR spectroscopy and fluorimetry. In completion, a limited number of diffraction patterns were collected with a mobile XRD instrument in order to identify the constituent crystalline phases in pigments, grounding materials and degradation products. In this way, it could be demonstrated how a rich array of colours was obtained by means of a limited palette of pigments: lead white, lead tin yellow, azurite, natural ultramarine, bone black, vermillion, madder lake, and a green copper-organo complex were detected and situated on the panels. Remarkably, next to chalk also gypsum was found in the ground layer(s) of this Western European easel painting. The relatively large surface of the background was covered with gold leaf; the analyses seem to point towards the labour-intensive water gilding technique. The versatility of this combination of analytical techniques was further illustrated by the accurate characterisation of degradation products affecting the readability and conservation of the painting: the overall presence of a calcium oxalate-based film of variable thickness was established. Nevertheless, further analysis of cross-sectioned samples was considered desirable in order to study the stratigraphy, to gain direct access to altered and sub-imposed layers and to allow highly detailed analysis of micrometric degradation products by state-of-the art techniques (i.e. synchrotron radiation).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000296021800010 Publication Date 2011-09-23  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 32 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0103.04, G.0689.06 and G.0704.08. The staff of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp is acknowledged for this pleasant cooperation and the authorisation for the publication of the images in this article. Therefore, a word of gratitude to Paul Huvenne, Yolande Deckers, Stef Antonissen and Gwen Borms. In addition, the authors would like to thank the MOLAB's team operators Chiari Anselmi and Federica Presciutti. MOLAB analyses have been carried out through the support of the EU within the 6th Framework Programme (Contract Eu-ARTECH, RII3-CT-2004-506171). ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:93680 Serial 5705  
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Author Rouchon, V.; Pellizzi, E.; Duranton, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title Combining XANES, ICP-AES, and SEM/EDS for the study of phytate chelating treatments used on iron gall ink damaged manuscripts Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 12 Pages 2434-2441  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Many historical documents written with iron gall inks are endangered by the corrosive effects of these inks. In this work, a combination of complementary analytical methods was used for the first time in order to study the phytate process which is used in conservation studios to stabilize damaged manuscripts. This process consists of an antioxidant treatment performed by means of a calcium phytate (CP) solution, followed by a deacidification treatment performed with a calcium carbonate (CC) solution. The antioxidant treatment capitalizes on the properties of myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid (phytic acid) that inhibits iron through chelation. In order to use relatively low acidic solutions, the pH of the CP solution is increased up to values between 5 and 6, which is in the range of the CP precipitation threshold. This study was performed on laboratory samples made of paper impregnated with iron gall ink and artificially aged in climatic chambers. It aims to investigate how the CP precipitate impacts the efficiency of the treatment. Side effects, such as elemental losses and deposits, were measured by means of several analytical techniques (FeK Edge XANES, SEM/EDS, and ICP-AES). These measurements were crosschecked with a ready to use colour spot test made of bathophenanthroline impregnated paper. It appeared that the CP treatment should necessarily be followed by the deacidification treatment in order to achieve long term stability. The precipitation of CP in the treating solution does finally not impact the efficiency of the treatment despite the fact that it should theoretically lower the availability of phytate to chelate iron. A scenario is proposed to explain this point.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000297030400008 Publication Date 2011-10-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 10 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was funded by SOLEIL (proposals 20060396 and 20080761) and was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. We are thankful to the paper conservator students of the Institut National du Patrimoine who were involved in some of the sample preparations, and to Dr Dominique Thiaudiere and Dr Solenn Reguer for their assistance and help during the experiments performed at SOLEIL beamline “DIFFABS”. ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:93845 Serial 5527  
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Author Cagno, S.; Nuyts, G.; Bugani, S.; De Vis, K.; Schalm, O.; Caen, J.; Helfen, L.; Cotte, M.; Reischig, P.; Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title Evaluation of manganese-bodies removal in historical stained glass windows via SR-\mu-XANES/XRF and SR-\mu-CT Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2011 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 26 Issue 12 Pages 2442-2451  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The speed and effectiveness of a conservation treatment used for stained glass windows have been investigated. Dark-coloured Mn-rich stains can be found in the alteration layer of ancient glass artefacts and cause the surface to turn brown/black: this phenomenon is known as Mn-browning or Mn-staining. While in glass manganese is present in the +II or +III oxidation states, in the Mn-rich bodies, manganese is in a higher oxidation state (+IV). In restoration practice, mildly reducing solutions are employed to eliminate the dark colour and restore the clear appearance of the glass. In this paper the effectiveness and side effects of the use of hydroxylamine hydrochloride for this purpose are assessed. Archaeological fragments of stained glass windows, dated to the 14th century and originating from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (UK), were examined by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) based microscopic X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and microscopic X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) and with high resolution computed absorption tomography (μ-CT) before, during and after the treatment. The monitoring of the glass fragments during the treatment allows us to better understand the manner in which the process unfolds and its kinetics. The results obtained reveal that the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment is effective, but also that it has a number of unwanted side effects. These findings are useful for optimizing the time and other modalities of the Mn-reducing treatment as well as minimizing its unwanted results.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000297030400009 Publication Date 2011-10-11  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 17 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Special thanks to Ms Leonie Seliger, head of the stained-glass conservation studio (The Cathedral Studios-The Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral) for the supply of the archaeological samples. The authors gratefully acknowledge ESRF for granting beamtime (proposal EC-602). ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2011 IF: 3.220  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:93848 Serial 5613  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Bertrand, L.; Robinet, L.; Thoury, M.; Janssens, K.; Cohen, S.X.; Schöder, S. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Cultural heritage and archaeology materials studied by synchrotron spectroscopy and imaging Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Applied physics A : materials science & processing Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys A-Mater  
  Volume 106 Issue 2 Pages 377-396  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The use of synchrotron radiation techniques to study cultural heritage and archaeological materials has undergone a steep increase over the past 10-15 years. The range of materials studied is very broad and encompasses painting materials, stone, glass, ceramics, metals, cellulosic and wooden materials, and a cluster of organic-based materials, in phase with the diversity observed at archaeological sites, museums, historical buildings, etc. Main areas of investigation are: (1) the study of the alteration and corrosion processes, for which the unique non-destructive speciation capabilities of X-ray absorption have proved very beneficial, (2) the understanding of the technologies and identification of the raw materials used to produce archaeological artefacts and art objects and, to a lesser extent, (3) the investigation of current or novel stabilisation, conservation and restoration practices. In terms of the synchrotron methods used, the main focus so far has been on X-ray techniques, primarily X-ray fluorescence, absorption and diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. We review here the use of these techniques from recent works published in the field demonstrating the breadth of applications and future potential offered by third generation synchrotron techniques. New developments in imaging and advanced spectroscopy, included in the UV/visible and IR ranges, could even broaden the variety of materials studied, in particular by fostering more studies on organic and complex organic-inorganic mixtures, while new support activities at synchrotron facilities might facilitate transfer of knowledge between synchrotron specialists and users from archaeology and cultural heritage sciences.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language Wos (up) 000299749000009 Publication Date 2011-11-25  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0947-8396 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.455 Times cited 55 Open Access  
  Notes ; The authors acknowledge the critical reading by B. Berrie (National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, USA). We thank J. Mass (Conservation Department, Winterthur Museum and Country Estate, Winterthur, DE, USA), H. Roemich (Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, USA), J. Hiller (Non-Crystalline Diffraction Beamline, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK) and J.-P. Echard (Laboratoire de recherche et de restauration, Musee de la musique, Paris, France) for their comments on the presentation of their work in the manuscript. The IPANEMA platform is jointly developed by CNRS, MNHN, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication and SOLEIL, and benefits from a CPER grant (MESR, Region Ile-de-France). Support by the Access to Research Infrastructures activity in the 7th Framework Programme of the EU (CHARISMA Grant Agreement n. 228330) and the NWO Science4Arts programme are acknowledged. ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.455; 2012 IF: 1.545  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:99166 Serial 5561  
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Author Cagno, S.; Favaretto, L.; Mendera, M.; Izmer, A.; Vanhaecke, F.; Janssens, K. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Evidence of early medieval soda ash glass in the archaeological site of San Genesio (Tuscany) Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Journal of archaeological science Abbreviated Journal J Archaeol Sci  
  Volume 39 Issue 5 Pages 1540-1552  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Philosophy; History; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The early medieval period marks an important turning point in the history of glassmaking, since it comprises the transition period between the mineral-based silica-soda-lime glass of the Roman tradition and the plant ash-based glass. With the aim of expanding the knowledge on the glass recipes and technologies of this period, 37 glass samples were analyzed, originating from the archaeological excavations of San Genesio (Tuscany) and dated from the fourth to the eleventh century. The major and minor element concentrations were measured with SEM-EDX, while the trace elements were quantified with LA-ICP-MS. The results were compared with published compositions of glass samples of similar age in order to highlight differences and similarities. The results offer a very interesting view on the glass circulation in the religious/residential/manufacturing center of San Genesio in the early medieval period. Most of the glass has a typical late-Roman composition, but some glass fragments are identified as soda ash glass. These are among the earliest medieval ash-fluxed glasses ever found in the Italian peninsula. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000301620900034 Publication Date 2012-01-02  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0305-4403 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.602 Times cited 24 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.602; 2012 IF: 1.889  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:98251 Serial 5618  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Cagno, S.; Badano, M.B.; Mathis, F.; Strivay, D.; Janssens, K. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Study of medieval glass fragments from Savona (Italy) and their relation with the glass produced in Altare Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Journal of archaeological science Abbreviated Journal J Archaeol Sci  
  Volume 39 Issue 7 Pages 2191-2197  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Altare was in the medieval and post-medieval period an important glassmaking center in the Liguria region in Northern Italy. The first historical evidence of glassmaking in Altare is dated to the twelfth century. In spite of that, due to the continuity of glassmaking up to the present time and the contemporaneous intensive urbanization of the territory, no medieval glass from Altare or its immediate vicinity has been analyzed up to now. In this work, glass from archaeological excavations in the center of Savona, city with close ties with the glassmaking center, was studied. Glass fragments, dated from the tenth to the sixteenth century were selected from the collections of the Archaeological Museum in Savona and non-destructively analyzed with quantitative PIXE-PIGE. The resulting compositions, compared with known glass productions of the same time and evaluated on the basis of historical documents, offer an interesting panorama on the variety of glass circulation in Liguria. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000305849400027 Publication Date 2012-03-29  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0305-4403 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.602 Times cited 21 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. Carlo Varaldo for allowing the study of the glass preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Savona. ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.602; 2012 IF: 1.889  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:100332 Serial 5849  
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Author van der Snickt, G.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Jaroszewicz, J.; Cotte, M.; Falkenberg, G.; Van der Loeff, L. doi  openurl
  Title Combined use of synchrotron radiation based micro-X-ray fluorescence, micro-X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray absorption near-edge, and micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopies for revealing an alternative degradation pathway of the pigment cadmium yellow in a painting by Van Gogh Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2012 Publication Analytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal Anal Chem  
  Volume 84 Issue 23 Pages 10221-10228  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Over the past years a number of studies have described the instability of the pigment cadmium yellow (CdS). In a previous paper we have shown how cadmium sulfide on paintings by James Ensor oxidizes to CdSO4 center dot H2O. The degradation process gives rise to the fading of the bright yellow color and the formation of disfiguring white crystals that are present on the paint surface in approximately 50 mu m sized globular agglomerations. Here, we study cadmium yellow in the painting “Flowers in a blue vase” by Vincent van Gogh. This painting differs from the Ensor case in the fact that (a) a varnish was superimposed onto the degraded paint surface and (b) the CdS paint area is entirely covered with an opaque crust. The latter obscures the yellow color completely and thus presents a seemingly more advanced state of degradation. Analysis of a cross-sectioned and a crushed sample by combining scanning microscopic X-ray diffraction (mu-XRD), microscopic X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (mu-XANES), microscopic X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) based chemical state mapping and scanning microscopic Fourier transform infrared (mu-FT-IR) spectrometry allowed unravelling the complex alteration pathway. Although no crystalline CdSO4 compounds were identified on the Van Gogh paint samples, we conclude that the observed degradation was initially caused by oxidation of the original CdS pigment, similar as for the previous Ensor case. However, due to the presence of an overlying varnish containing lead-based driers and oxalate ions, secondary reactions took place. In particular, it appears that upon the photoinduced oxidation of its sulfidic counterion, the Cd2+ ions reprecipitated at the paint/varnish interface after having formed a complex with oxalate ions that themselves are considered to be degradation products of the resin and/or oil in the varnish. The SO42- anions, for their part, found a suitable reaction partner in Pb2+ ions stemming from a dissolved lead-based siccative that was added to the varnish to promote its drying. The resulting opaque anglesite compound in the varnish, in combination with the underlying CdC2O4 layer at the paint/varnish interface, account for the orange-gray crust that is disfiguring the painting on a macroscopic level. In this way, the results presented in this paper demonstrate how, through a judicious combined use of several microanalytical methods with speciation capabilities, many new insights can be obtained from two minute, but highly complex and heterogeneous paint samples.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000311815300013 Publication Date 2012-08-30  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-2700; 5206-882x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 6.32 Times cited 59 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by BELSPO via the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme (IUAP VI/16) and the S2-ART project (SD/RI/04A) and funded by Grants from the ESRF (EC-442) and PETRA-III (I-20120312 EC). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0103.04, G.0689.06, and G.0704.08. The staff of the Kroller-Muller Museum and painting conservators Margje Leeuwestein and Esther Van Duijn are acknowledged for this pleasant cooperation and the authorization for the publication of the images in this article. ; Approved Most recent IF: 6.32; 2012 IF: 5.695  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:105971 Serial 5526  
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Author Cagno, S.; de Raedt, I.; Jeffries, T.; Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title Composition of Facon de Venise glass from early 17th century London in comparison with luxury glass of the same age Type P1 Proceeding
  Year 2012 Publication Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers T2 – Conference on Integrated Approaches to the Study of Historical Glass, (IASHG), APR 16-17, 2012, Brussels, BELGIUM Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 842205-842212  
  Keywords P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract SEM-EDX and LA-ICP-MS analyses were performed on a set of early 17th century London glass fragments. The samples originate from two archaeological sites (Aldgate and Old Broad Street) where glass workshops were active in this period. The great majority of the samples are made of soda glass. Two distinct compositional groups are observed, each typical of one site of provenance. The samples originating from the Old Broad Street excavation feature a silica-soda-lime composition, with a moderate amount of potash. The samples from Aldgate are richer in potassium and feature higher amounts of trace elements such as Rb, Zr and Cu. The distinction between the two groups stems from different flux and silica sources used for glassmaking. A comparison with different European glass compositions of that time reveals no resemblance with genuine Venetian production, yet the composition of the Old Broad Street glass shows a close similarity to that of fragments produced 'a la facon de Venise' in Antwerp at the end of the 16th century. This coincides with historical sources attesting the arrival of glassworkers from the Low Countries in England and suggests that a transfer of technology took place near the turn of the century.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000311900800005 Publication Date 2012-06-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume 8422 Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 978-0-8194-9104-6; 0277-786x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor Times cited 1 Open Access  
  Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:110142 Serial 5543  
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Author Herremans, D.; Cagno, S.; Vincke, A.; de Clercq, W.; Janssens, K. doi  openurl
  Title Composition and state of alteration of 18th century glass from the Cistercian nunnery of Clairefontaine (Belgium) Type P1 Proceeding
  Year 2012 Publication Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers T2 – Conference on Integrated Approaches to the Study of Historical Glass, (IASHG), APR 16-17, 2012, Brussels, BELGIUM Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 842206-842211  
  Keywords P1 Proceeding; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract An extended set of 18th century glass vessels was analyzed by means of SEM-EDX (major and minor element composition) The fragmented archaeological objects were recovered from a latrine belonging to the early 18th century building phase of the nunnery of Clairefontaine, near Arlon (B). On the basis of typology and decoration, the major part of the vessels could be dated around the middle of the 18th century. Variety in color and weathering of the glass suggest differences in glassmaking recipes and in the composition and origin of raw materials. The results of the analysis show how two main compositional groups constitute about 90% of the analyzed glass set, and these are constituted by potash glass (transparent beakers) and high lime low alkali glass (green bottles). Next to these, a few potash-lime and soda glasses are also found. The type of alteration has also a clear relation with the original glass composition.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000311900800006 Publication Date 2012-06-06  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume 8422 Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 978-0-8194-9104-6; 0277-786x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record  
  Impact Factor Times cited Open Access  
  Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:110799 Serial 5537  
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Author Anitha, A.; Brasoveanu, A.; Duarte, M.; Hughes, S.; Daubechies, I.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Restoration of X-ray fluorescence images of hidden paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Signal processing Abbreviated Journal Signal Process  
  Volume 93 Issue 3 Pages 592-604  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract This paper describes our methods for repairing and restoring images of hidden paintings (paintings that have been painted over and are now covered by a new surface painting) that have been obtained via noninvasive X-ray fluorescence imaging of their canvases. This recently developed imaging technique measures the concentrations of various chemical elements at each two-dimensional spatial location across the canvas. These concentrations in turn result from pigments present both in the surface painting and in the hidden painting beneath. These X-ray fluorescence images provide the best available data from which to noninvasively study a hidden painting. However, they are typically marred by artifacts of the imaging process, features of the surface painting, and areas of information loss. Repairing and restoring these images thus consists of three stages: (1) repairing acquisition artifacts in the dataset, (2) removal of features in the images that result from the surface painting rather than the hidden painting, and (3) identification and repair of areas of information loss. We describe methods we have developed to address each of these stages: a total-variation minimization approach to artifact correction, a novel method for underdetermined blind source separation with multimodal side information to address surface feature removal, and two application-specific new methods for automatically identifying particularly thick or X-ray absorbent surface features in the painting. Finally, we demonstrate the results of our methods on a hidden painting by the artist Vincent van Gogh. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000312521400007 Publication Date 2012-10-13  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0165-1684 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.11 Times cited 13 Open Access  
  Notes ; Marco F. Duarte was supported during this research by NSF Supplemental Funding DMS-0439872 to UCLA-IPAM, PI: R. Caflisch. Matthias Alfeld receives support in the form of a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). This research was also supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.11; 2013 IF: 2.238  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:105921 Serial 5817  
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Author Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; Brunetti, B.G.; Vagnini, M.; Vanmeert, F.; Falkenberg, G.; Abakumov, A.; Lu, Y.; Tian, H.; Verbeeck, J.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.; Hendriks, E.; Geldof, M.; van der Loeff, L.; Salvant, J.; Menu, M.; pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 3 : synthesis, characterization, and detection of different crystal forms of the chrome yellow pigment Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Analytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal Anal Chem  
  Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 860-867  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The painter, Vincent van Gogh, and some of his contemporaries frequently made use of the pigment chrome yellow that is known to show a tendency toward darkening. This pigment may correspond to various chemical compounds such as PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, that may each be present in various crystallographic forms with different tendencies toward degradation. Investigations by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mid-Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman instruments (benchtop and portable) and synchrotron radiation-based micro-XRD and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy performed on oil-paint models, prepared with in-house synthesized PbCrO4 and PbCr1-xSxO4, permitted us to characterize the spectroscopic features of the various forms. On the basis of these results, an extended study has been carried out on historic paint tubes and on embedded paint microsamples taken from yellow-orange/pale yellow areas of 12 Van Gogh paintings, demonstrating that Van Gogh effectively made use of different chrome yellow types. This conclusion was also confirmed by in situ mid-FTIR investigations on Van Goghs Portrait of Gauguin (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Washington, D.C. Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000313668400031 Publication Date 2012-10-10  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-2700;1520-6882; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 6.32 Times cited 79 Open Access  
  Notes Goa; Fwo Approved Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:108707UA @ admin @ c:irua:108707 Serial 631  
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Author Monico, L.; Janssens, K.; Miliani, C.; van der Snickt, G.; Brunetti, B.G.; Guidi, M.C.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M. doi  openurl
  Title Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of spectromicroscopic methods : 4 : artificial aging of model samples of co-precipitates of lead chromate and lead sulfate Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Analytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal Anal Chem  
  Volume 85 Issue 2 Pages 860-867  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Previous investigations about the darkening of chrome yellow pigments revealed that this form of alteration is attributable to a reduction of the original Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and that the presence of sulfur-containing compounds, most often sulfates, plays a key role during this process. We recently demonstrated that different crystal forms of chrome yellow pigments (PbCrO4 and PbCr1xSxO4) are present in paintings by Vincent van Gogh. In the present work, we show how both the chemical composition and the crystalline structure of lead chromate-based pigments influence their stability. For this purpose, oil model samples made with in-house synthesized powders of PbCrO4 and PbCr1xSxO4 were artificially aged and characterized. We observed a profound darkening only for those paint models made with PbCr1xSxO4, rich in SO42 (x ≥ 0.4), and orthorhombic phases (>30 wt %). Cr and S K-edge micro X-ray absorption near edge structure investigations revealed in an unequivocal manner the formation of up to about 60% of Cr(III)-species in the outer layer of the most altered samples; conversely, independent of the paint models chemical composition, no change in the S-oxidation state was observed. Analyses employing UVvisible diffuse reflectance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed on unaged and aged model samples in order to obtain additional information on the physicochemical changes induced by the aging treatment.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000313668400032 Publication Date 2012-10-10  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-2700; 5206-882x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 6.32 Times cited 49 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by grants from ESRF (experiment EC-799), the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16), and the BELSPO-SDD S2-ART (SD/RI/04) project. The text also presents results from GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The EU FP7 programme CHARISMA (Grant Agreement 228330) and MIUR (PRIN08, Materiali e sistemi innovativi per la conservazione dell'arte contemporanea 2008 FFXXN9) are also acknowledged. ; Approved Most recent IF: 6.32; 2013 IF: 5.825  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:110471 Serial 5569  
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Author Alfeld, M.; de Nolf, W.; Cagno, S.; Janssens, K.; et al. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Revealing hidden paint layers in oil paintings by means of scanning macro-XRF : a mock-up study based on Rembrandt's “An old man in military costume” Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 28 Issue 1 Pages 40-51  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Over the past several decades the oeuvre of Rembrandt has been the subject of extensive art historical and scientific investigations. One of the most striking features to emerge is his frequent re-use of canvases and panels. The painting An Old Man in Military Costume (78.PB.246), in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, is an example of such a re-used panel. Conventional imaging techniques revealed the presence of a second portrait under the surface portrait, but the details of this hidden portrait have not yet been revealed. Vermilion (HgS) has been identified to have been used nearly exclusively in the flesh tones of the lower painting, suggesting that element-specific XRF imaging might successfully image the hidden portrait. To test this hypothesis, a full-scale mock-up of the painting was created, including a “free impression” of the hidden portrait, reproducing as closely as possible the pigments and paint stratigraphy of the original painting. XRF imaging of the mock-up painting was conducted using three different XRF imaging systems: a mobile X-ray tube based system and two synchrotron-based setups (one equipped with multiple SDDs and one equipped with a Maia detector). The sensitivity, limits of detection and imaging capabilities of each system under the chosen experimental conditions are evaluated and compared. The results indicate that an investigation of the original painting by this method would have an excellent chance of success.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000314903400003 Publication Date 2012-11-22  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Further, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 226716. M. Alfeld receives a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). The authors gratefully acknowledge Yvonne Szafran and the staff of the Paintings Conservation Department of the J. Paul Getty Museum for making available their infrared reflectography (IRR) and X-radiographic images of the painting, and also the neutron activation analysis (NAA) images acquired in 1996 at NIST by Dr Henry Prask in collaboration with Mark Leonard, former head of the J. Paul Getty Museum Paintings Conservation Department. We are also grateful to Peter Reischig, a graduate intern at the Getty Conservation Institute and a Ph.D. candidate at Delft University of Technology for his assistance. ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:107704 Serial 5818  
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Author Mudronja, D.; Vanmeert, F.; Hellemans, K.; Fazinic, S.; Janssens, K.; Tibljas, D.; Rogosic, M.; Jakovljevic, S. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Efficiency of applying ammonium oxalate for protection of monumental limestone by poultice, immersion and brushing methods Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Applied physics A : materials science & processing Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys A-Mater  
  Volume 111 Issue 1 Pages 109-119  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Samples of cretaceous limestone have been treated with three application methods (poultice, immersion and brushing) using different concentrations of ammonium oxalate solution (AmOx) and varying treatment time in order to test the efficiency of surface and in-depth formation of a protective layer of calcium oxalate (CaOx). Synchrotron-based microanalytical techniques (SR-mu XRD with 12.5 mu mx7.5 mu m (HxV) probe size, SR-mu FTIR with 10 mu mx10 mu m and 8 mu mx20 mu m probe sizes) and laboratory mu FTIR, XRD and SEM have been employed for analysis of the treated samples. Synchrotron-based techniques showed variations in the CaOx distribution along the surface on a micrometer scale. All treatments resulted in the development of a CaOx layer with a maximum thickness of approximately 40 mu m. Application by the brushing method with 10 1-min applications with 5-min breaks during one hour showed a development of the calcium oxalate layer equivalent to the poultice treatment taking 10 h. This treatment could be preferred for large marble or limestone surfaces where poultice usage is economically not feasible.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000316075700014 Publication Date 2012-10-29  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0947-8396 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.455 Times cited 13 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme-Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA 'XANES meets ELNES' (Research Fund, University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) project nos. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The research leading to these results has received financial support by the Access to Research Infrastructures activity in the 7th Framework Programme of the EU (CHARISMA Grant Agreement No. 228330). ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.455; 2013 IF: 1.694  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:108262 Serial 5584  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Alfeld, M.; Siddons, D.P.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; Woll, A.; Kirkham, R.; van de Wetering, E. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Visualizing the 17th century underpainting in Portrait of an Old Man by Rembrandt van Rijn using synchrotron-based scanning macro-XRF Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Applied physics A : materials science & processing Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys A-Mater  
  Volume 111 Issue 1 Pages 157-164  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract In 17th century Old Master Paintings, the underpainting generally refers to the first sketch of a composition. The underpainting is applied to a prepared ground using a monochrome, brown oil paint to roughly indicate light, shade and contours. So far, methods to visualize the underpainting-other than in localized cross-sections-have been very limited. Neither infrared reflectography nor neutron induced autoradiography have proven to be practical, adequate visualization tools. Thus, although of fundamental interest in the understanding of a painting's genesis, the underpainting has virtually escaped all imaging efforts. In this contribution we will show that 17th century underpainting may consist of a highly heterogeneous mixture of pigments, including copper pigments. We suggest that this brown pigment mixture is actually the recycled left-over of a palette scraping. With copper as the heaviest exclusive elemental component, we will hence show in a case study on a Portrait of an Old Man attributed to Rembrandt van Rijn how scanning macro-XRF can be used to efficiently visualize the underpainting below the surface painting and how this information can contribute to the discussion of the painting's authenticity.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000316075700019 Publication Date 2012-12-14  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0947-8396 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.455 Times cited 26 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the SSD programme of BELSPO, Brussels (project S2-ART). The text also presents results of GOA 'XANES meets ELNES' (Research Fund, University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects nos. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. Further, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 226716. M. Alfeld receives a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. We acknowledge the assistance of C. Ryan, CSIRO Australia, in the preparation of the elemental maps using GeoPIXE and Rene Gerritsen (http://www.renegerritsen.nl) in providing photographs, XRR and IRR of the painting. We thank Sullivan Entertainment for documenting part of this project in their TV documentary 'Out of the shadows'. ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.455; 2013 IF: 1.694  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:108263 Serial 5908  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; Vanmeert, F.; Janssens, K.; Dik, J.; Appel, K.; van der Loeff, L.; Chavannes, M.; Meedendorp, T.; Hendriks, E. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Scanning XRF investigation of a Flower Still Life and its underlying composition from the collection of the Kröller-Muller Museum Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Applied physics A : materials science & processing Abbreviated Journal Appl Phys A-Mater  
  Volume 111 Issue 1 Pages 165-175  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000316075700020 Publication Date 2013-01-29  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0947-8396 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.455 Times cited 35 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the SSD program of BELSPO, Brussels (project S2-ART). Results are also presented here from Gemeenschappelijke Onderzoeksactie (GOA) 'XANES meets ELNES' (Research Fund, University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) (Brussels, Belgium) project Nos. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The research leading to these results was funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 226716 and the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) under the VIDI project “Looking Over the Painter's Shoulder” (grant No. 700.10.426). M. Alfeld is the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.455; 2013 IF: 1.694  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:108264 Serial 5826  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Terzano, R.; Alfeld, M.; Janssens, K.; Vekemans, B.; Schoonjans, T.; Vincze, L.; Tomasi, N.; Pinton, R.; Cesco, S. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Spatially resolved (semi)quantitative determination of iron (Fe) in plants by means of synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal Anal Bioanal Chem  
  Volume 405 Issue 10 Pages 3341-3350  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth and development; hence determining Fe distribution and concentration inside plant organs at the microscopic level is of great relevance to better understand its metabolism and bioavailability through the food chain. Among the available microanalytical techniques, synchrotron mu-XRF methods can provide a powerful and versatile array of analytical tools to study Fe distribution within plant samples. In the last years, the implementation of new algorithms and detection technologies has opened the way to more accurate (semi)quantitative analyses of complex matrices like plant materials. In this paper, for the first time the distribution of Fe within tomato roots has been imaged and quantified by means of confocal mu-XRF and exploiting a recently developed fundamental parameter-based algorithm. With this approach, Fe concentrations ranging from few hundreds of ppb to several hundreds of ppm can be determined at the microscopic level without cutting sections. Furthermore, Fe (semi)quantitative distribution maps were obtained for the first time by using two opposing detectors to collect simultaneously the XRF radiation emerging from both sides of an intact cucumber leaf.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000316338700033 Publication Date 2013-02-07  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1618-2642 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.431 Times cited 27 Open Access  
  Notes ; Research was supported by grants from Italian MIUR (FIRB-Programma “Futuro in Ricerca”) and Free University of Bolzano (TN5046 and TN5056). Synchrotron experiments at HASY-LAB were financially supported by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 “Structuring the European Research Area” Program I (Integrating Activity on Synchrotron and Free Electron Laser Science; project: contract RII3-CT-2004-506008). Matthias Alfeld receives a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). We thank Karen Rickers-Appel for her scientific and technical support in obtaining the experimental data at Beamline L (HASYLAB, DESY, Hamburg, Germany). ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.431; 2013 IF: 3.578  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:108261 Serial 5838  
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Author Alfeld, M.; Pedroso, J.V.; van Hommes, M.E.; van der Snickt, G.; Tauber, G.; Blaas, J.; Haschke, M.; Erler, K.; Dik, J.; Janssens, K. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title A mobile instrument for in situ scanning macro-XRF investigation of historical paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry Abbreviated Journal J Anal Atom Spectrom  
  Volume 28 Issue 5 Pages 760-767  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Scanning macro-X-ray fluorescence analysis (MA-XRF) is rapidly being established as a technique for the investigation of historical paintings. The elemental distribution images acquired by this method allow for the visualization of hidden paint layers and thus provide insight into the artist's creative process and the painting's conservation history. Due to the lack of a dedicated, commercially available instrument the application of the technique was limited to a few groups that constructed their own instruments. We present the first commercially available XRF scanner for paintings, consisting of an X-ray tube mounted with a Silicon-Drift (SD) detector on a motorized stage to be moved in front of a painting. The scanner is capable of imaging the distribution of the main constituents of surface and sub-surface paint layers in an area of 80 by 60 square centimeters with dwell times below 10 ms and a lateral resolution below 100 mu m. The scanner features for a broad range of elements between Ti (Z = 22) and Mo (Z = 42) a count rate of more than 1000 counts per second (cps)?mass percent and detection limits of 100 ppm for measurements of 1 s duration. Next to a presentation of spectrometric figures of merit, the value of the technique is illustrated through a case study of a painting by Rembrandt's student Govert Flinck (1615-1660).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000317674200019 Publication Date 2013-03-22  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0267-9477 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 3.379 Times cited 106 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents the results of GOA “XANES meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. M. Alfeld receives a Ph. D. fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). We thank J. Langerock for allowing us to examine the portable altar triptych shown in Fig. 5. ; Approved Most recent IF: 3.379; 2013 IF: 3.396  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:108517 Serial 5453  
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Author Vanmeert, F.; Mudronja, D.; Fazinic, S.; Janssens, K.; Tibljas, D. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Semi-quantitative analysis of the formation of a calcium oxalate protective layer for monumental limestone using combined micro-XRF and micro-XRPD Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication X-ray spectrometry Abbreviated Journal X-Ray Spectrom  
  Volume 42 Issue 4 Pages 256-261  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract A current method for the protection of cretaceous limestone present in various monuments consists of performing a passivating treatment with ammonium oxalate (AmOx). A calcium oxalate protective layer is formed on the surface and enhances the acid resistance of the stone. The in-depth formation of the calcium oxalate layer was investigated on cross sections by using combined micro X-ray fluorescence and micro X-ray powder diffraction (mu XRF/mu XRPD). XRPD showed the presence of both whewellite and weddellite in the calcite stone matrix. A correction was made for sample misalignment, which was visible in both the fluorescence and the diffraction line measurements. A semi-quantitative analysis was performed on the basis of Klug's equation for a two-phase mixture (the presence of weddellite was neglected) without the need for a known reference sample. By assuming two extreme compositions for a reference weight fraction (1 and 99wt%), it was possible to obtain whewellite concentration profiles, which can be used for comparing the effectiveness of different methods for the application of AmOx to the stone surface and the effect of treatment time and AmOx concentration used. It is shown that for the relative amounts of whewellite formed, the differences due to the assumed weight fractions are smaller than the errors due to sample heterogeneity and preferred orientation. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000320727900015 Publication Date 2013-05-14  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0049-8246 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 1.298 Times cited 5 Open Access  
  Notes ; The authors would like to thank De Nolf W. for his valuable feedback on the analysis of the X-ray diffraction data. We acknowledge SOLEIL for provision of SR facilities (proposal ID 20100979), and we would like to thank Dr. C. Mocuta for his assistance at the DIFFABS beamline. This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA 'XANES meets ELNES' (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. The EU Community's FP7 Research Infrastructures program for the CHARISMA Project (grant agreement 228330) and, within framework in particular, the access possibilities to the SOLEIL and IPANEMA facilities are also acknowledged. ; Approved Most recent IF: 1.298; 2013 IF: 1.187  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:109579 Serial 5827  
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Author Lind, O.C.; de Nolf, W.; Janssens, K.; Salbu, B. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Micro-analytical characterisation of radioactive heterogeneities in samples from Central Asian TENORM sites Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of environmental radioactivity Abbreviated Journal J Environ Radioactiv  
  Volume 123 Issue Pages 63-70  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The present work focuses on the use of micro-analytical techniques to demonstrate the heterogeneous distribution of radionuclides and metals in soils collected at Former Soviet Union mining sites in Central Asia. Based on digital autoradiography, radionuclides were heterogeneously distributed in soil samples collected at the abandoned uranium mining sites Kurday, Kazakhstan, Kadji Sai, Kyrgyzstan and Taboshar, Tajikistan. Using electron microscopy interfaced with X-ray microanalysis submicron – mm-sized radioactive particles and rock fragments with U, As, Se and toxic metals on the surfaces were identified in Kurday and Kadji Sai samples. Employing scanning and tomographic (3D) synchrotron radiation based micro-X-ray fluorescence (mu-SRXRF) and synchrotron radiation based micro-X-ray diffraction (mu-SRXRD) allowed us to observe the inner structure of the particles without physical sectioning. The distribution of elements in virtual crosssections demonstrated that U and a series of toxic elements were rather heterogeneously distributed also within individual radioactive TENORM particles. Compared to archived data, U in Kadji Sai particles was present as uraninite (U4O9+y or UO2+x) or Na-zippeite aNa(4)(UO2)(6)[(OH)(10)(SO4)(3)]center dot 4H(2)O), i.e. U minerals with very low solubility. The results suggested that TENORM particles can carry substantial amount of radioactivity, which can be subject to re-suspension, atmospheric transport and water transport. Thus, the potential radioecological and radioanalytical impact of radioactive particles at NORM and TENORM sites worldwide should be taken into account. The present work also demonstrates that radioecological studies should benefit from the use of advanced methods such as synchrotron radiation based techniques. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000321177200007 Publication Date 2012-03-16  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0265-931x ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 2.31 Times cited 16 Open Access  
  Notes ; We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the European Commission (HASYLAB proposal I-20070051 EC and II-20090184 EC). The authors are indebted to Dr. Karen Appel and Dr. Manuela Borchert, Hasylab for beamline assistance. ; Approved Most recent IF: 2.31; 2013 IF: 3.571  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:109558 Serial 5710  
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Author Nuyts, G.; Cagno, S.; Hellemans, K.; Veronesi, G.; Cotte, M.; Janssens, K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Study of the early stages of Mn intrusion in corroded glass by means of combined SR FTIR/\muXRF imaging and XANES spectroscopy Type P1 Proceeding
  Year 2013 Publication Procedia Chemistry T2 – Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage Conference (YOCOCU), June 18-20, 2012, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 239-247  
  Keywords P1 Proceeding; Engineering sciences. Technology; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Historical glass, especially medieval glass, can undergo weathering under the influence of time and environmental conditions. The aim of this investigation was to better understand the processes involved in this natural degradation process by studying artificially altered glass samples prepared for the use of evaluation of conservation methods. Non-durable glass sensors produced by the Fraunhofer Institute (type M1.0) were used as a starting material for artificial alteration. These were immersed in acidic (pH = 0, 2, 4) and neutral solutions (1 h – 8 h). In a second stage the glass samples were immersed in a 0.5 M MnCl2 solution (24 h, 48 h and 72 h), allowing intrusion of Mn from the solution into the gel layer. The samples were characterized at different stages with reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, mu XRF mapping and mu XANES. All measurements were carried out at ESRF, beamline ID21. Reflectance FTIR spectroscopy measurements were performed in the 800 4000 cm(-1) range. Cluster analysis of the resulting maps evidenced the rapid growth of the gel layer in strong acidic conditions. The average spectra for each cluster feature show for the original glass a strong Si-O- stretching band between 900 and 1000 cm(-1), whereas the gel layer could be identified by the increasing Si-O-Si bands around 1100 and 1250 cm(-1). mu XRF maps were recorded at different stages of the experiment at energies around the Mn-K edge (6.539 keV) and with a step size of 2 by 2 m. These confirm the leaching of K+ and Ca+2 from the glass and the intrusion of Mn from the solution. Mn was found throughout the entire gel layer, but with a concentration gradient peaking at the surface. XANES point measurements were recorded at various points where Mn was present. No spatial variation was found, but linear combination fitting of the spectra with various Mn reference compounds indicated that Mn2+Mn23+O4 is the main Mn compound in the gel layer, as was hypothesised by Watkinson et al. The standard corroded glass samples studied here can be used for the evaluation of conservation treatments in follow-up experiments. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the IA-CS (Italian Association of Conservation Scientists) and University of Antwerp  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000321673900030 Publication Date 2013-04-17  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume 8 Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1876-6196 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor Times cited 4 Open Access  
  Notes ; This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme – Belgian Science Policy (IUAP VI/16). The text also presents results of GOA XANES “meets ELNES” (Research Fund University of Antwerp, Belgium) and from FWO (Brussels, Belgium) projects no. G.0704.08 and G.01769.09. We gratefully acknowledge ESRF for granting beamtime (experiment EC873). ; Approved Most recent IF: NA  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:109871 Serial 5851  
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Author Janssens, K.; Alfeld, M.; van der Snickt, G.; de Nolf, W.; Vanmeert, F.; Radepont, M.; Monico, L.; et al. doi  openurl
  Title The use of synchrotron radiation for the characterization of artists' pigments and paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Annual review of analytical chemistry Abbreviated Journal Annu Rev Anal Chem  
  Volume 6 Issue Pages 399-425  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract We review methods and recent studies in which macroscopic to (sub)microscopic X-ray beams were used for nondestructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint microsamples, and/or entire paintings. We discuss the use of portable laboratory- and synchrotron-based instrumentation and describe several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis used for elemental analysis and imaging and combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Macroscopic and microscopic (μ-)XRF variants of this method are suitable for visualizing the elemental distribution of key elements in paint multilayers. Technical innovations such as multielement, large-area XRF detectors have enabled such developments. The use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that take place during natural pigment alteration processes. However, synchrotron-based combinations of μ-XRF, μ-XAS, and μ-XRD are suitable for such studies.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000323887500019 Publication Date 2013-06-18  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1936-1327 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 7.435 Times cited 46 Open Access  
  Notes ; ; Approved Most recent IF: 7.435; 2013 IF: 7.814  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:111315 Serial 5902  
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Author da Pieve, F.; Hogan, C.; Lamoen, D.; Verbeeck, J.; Vanmeert, F.; Radepont, M.; Cotte, M.; Janssens, K.; Gonze, X.; Van Tendeloo, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Casting light on the darkening of colors in historical paintings Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Physical review letters Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev Lett  
  Volume 111 Issue 20 Pages 208302-208305  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; Electron microscopy for materials research (EMAT); AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract The degradation of colors in historical paintings affects our cultural heritage in both museums and archeological sites. Despite intensive experimental studies, the origin of darkening of one of the most ancient pigments known to humankind, vermilion (α-HgS), remains unexplained. Here, by combining many-body theoretical spectroscopy and high-resolution microscopic x-ray diffraction, we clarify the composition of the damaged paint work and demonstrate possible physicochemical processes, induced by illumination and exposure to humidity and air, that cause photoactivation of the original pigment and the degradation of the secondary minerals. The results suggest a new path for the darkening process which was never considered by previous studies and prompt a critical examination of their findings.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication New York, N.Y. Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000327244500003 Publication Date 2013-11-15  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0031-9007;1079-7114; ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 8.462 Times cited 30 Open Access  
  Notes Vortex; ERC FP7; COUNTATOMS; ECASJO_; Approved Most recent IF: 8.462; 2013 IF: 7.728  
  Call Number UA @ lucian @ c:irua:111396UA @ admin @ c:irua:111396 Serial 287  
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Author Anaf, W.; Janssens, K.; De Wael, K. pdf  doi
openurl 
  Title Formation of metallic mercury during photodegradation/photodarkening of \alpha-HgS : electrochemical evidence Type A1 Journal article
  Year 2013 Publication Angewandte Chemie: international edition in English Abbreviated Journal Angew Chem Int Edit  
  Volume 52 Issue 48 Pages 12568-12571  
  Keywords A1 Journal article; AXES (Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation)  
  Abstract Das rote Pigment α-HgS neigt in Gegenwart von Licht und Chloridionen zur Schwärzung. Als Grund für die Zersetzung und Entfärbung werden die Bildung von (schwarzem) β-HgS oder Quecksilbermetall vermutet, doch diese Substanzen wurden noch nicht auf natürlich oder künstlich zersetzter HgS-Farbe nachgewiesen. Elektrochemische Experimente belegen nun die Bildung von Quecksilbermetall in Gegenwart von Licht und Chloridionen.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Wos (up) 000327582900015 Publication Date 2013-10-04  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1433-7851; 0570-0833 ISBN Additional Links UA library record; WoS full record; WoS citing articles  
  Impact Factor 11.994 Times cited 19 Open Access  
  Notes ; The authors acknowledge L. Klaassen for valuable discussions and providing samples. We acknowledge financial support from the SDD programme (S2-ART project) of the Belgian Federal Goverment. ; Approved Most recent IF: 11.994; 2013 IF: 11.336  
  Call Number UA @ admin @ c:irua:111265 Serial 5626  
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